Discussion of State Sovereignty and Globalization

This paper aims to discuss the rather amorphous concepts of ‘state sovereignty’ and ‘Globalization’ and how the notion of sovereignty has been diluted over the years by this phenomenon of globalization. To narrow down the analysis this paper will consider the dilution of sovereignty under the light of a primary force of globalization; Transnational Corporations. With the birth of the state, the concept of sovereignty originated. This included both internal and external sovereignty; however, the latter was recognized much later after the end of the ‘Thirty Years War’ and the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia. Internal Sovereignty was defined as the ability to exercise control and authority within the territorial boundaries of the state.†¦show more content†¦The company was seeking policy favors, legal concessions and maximizing its profits while the dictators required foreign direct investment, economic development and enhancement of p ersonal wealth through grafts and underhand dealings. The relationship worked well till 1944 when as a result of free elections the paradigm changed and a democratic dispensation was ushered in under President Juan Arevalo succeeded by Jacobo Arbenz in 1951 elections. The democratic government of Arevalo had an altogether different mindset. Both Arevalo and his successor Arbenz started on a path of progressively reforming the society. A comprehensive program for social uplift of the Guatemalan people was charted out. Its major focus was on equitable distribution of national income, allowing civil liberties, empowering people and most importantly attempting to reduce the monopolistic control of different sectors of the economy by United Fruits Company. President Arbenz started planning to create a parallel railway network which was to provide cheap accessibility and transportation to the people. He also planned another port on the Atlantic to be run under the government control and building a hydro electric plant providing cheap electricity in competition with the one made by the Americans. The prime point of conflict, however, arose when the Arbenz government decided to implement agrarian reforms in the country. It was aimed at buying and redistributing unused land toShow MoreRelatedGlobalization Of The United Nations878 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization has been happening at a rapid pace within the last few c enturies. States are expanding their economies to outside their own borders, creating a more global economy by way of exportation and importation of various products. Transportation has gotten faster and more reliable. Telecommunication is no longer just by use of stationary landline phones. With all these changes people are becoming more interconnected with each other. However with all the economic and technological gains thereRead MoreGlobalization is Rooted in Neo-liberalism and Liberalism1401 Words   |  6 Pagesthe patterns of development in the contemporary globalized world denotes that globalization is a reality. Globalization is mainly rooted in the theoretical concepts of liberalism and neo-liberalism, which opine that the only means through which global development can be attained is through the promotion of a laissez faire state across the globe. In this way, it becomes easy to spur development due to the opening up of states for trade and other exchanges in the politic al, social, and cultural realmsRead MoreEssay about The Impact of Globalization on State Relationships879 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization, both as an ideology and process, has become the dominant political, economical and cultural force in the 21st century. Quote from Globalism: The New Market Ideology by Manfred D.Steger, Page 6 One of the biggest questions currently asked in international politics seeks to determine the role that globalization plays in world and its effect on state relationships. While there is debate about the extent to which globalization is occurring and influencing international relationsRead MoreThe Importance of Sovereignty Today Essay1970 Words   |  8 Pagesthe concept of sovereignty beneficial in our lives today despite the onset of globalization? While many people may argue that the benefits of globalization outweigh those of sovereignty, few would recognize the fact that there is still a need for sovereign states in our societies today i n order to eliminate, for instance, the demise of the middle class, and the social disintegration between lower wage earners and higher salary earners that comes about as a result of globalization. In this essay,Read MoreHard and Soft forms of Globalisation Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagesa SOFT GLOBALIZATION Tool Before starting the discussion on UNCITRAL as a soft globalization tool, it is necessary to understand the concept of soft law and hard law. â€Å"Soft Law† Nonbinding legal principles are often referred to as soft law. They are of normative nature and are applied only through voluntary acceptance. They are established legal rules that are not positive and therefore not judicially binding (i.e Hard Law). â€Å"Hard law refers to legally binding obligations of the States that areRead MoreThe Modern Economy Consists Of The Commodification Of Everything1629 Words   |  7 Pagesreturning the sovereignty over food to small-scale farmers and rural groups, are we moving backwards or is it just a familiar revision to improve the future of agriculture? It is a common misconception to believe that sovereignty and security are synonymous phrases to describe the issues in modern food systems. However, while food security explicitly refers to aiding areas with difficulties meeting food needs due to the lack of quality and quantity necessary to sustain its members, food sovereignty, coinedRead MoreWe Are Not The World By Greg Ip1341 Words   |  6 Pagesideologies regarding to how â€Å"make America great again†, the situation of the crisis of the European Union and the raising protagonist of china in the international trade; leaves an uncertainty as to where the global economy is headed. Likewise, the main discussion is no longer between a left or right political spectrum, if not the divergence of ideologies being the nationalism and globalism the protagonists. This paper summarizes and analyzes the article entitled We Are Not the World written by the authorRead MoreFuture Analysis of Nation State6263 Words   |  26 PagesFu ture Analysis of The Nation-State System Introduction: It is common to hear of the threats to the nation-state system in the contemporary world. Such threats seem to originate from many different quarters, at different level of the global system. This impending sense that the nation-state is somehow in â€Å"crisis† led to analyze the question of â€Å"the contemporary crisis of the nation-state?† But before we go into the analysis, it is important to look into the ideas that would help to understandRead MoreThe Phenomenon of Globalization1498 Words   |  6 PagesA precise definition of the concept of globalization has not been formulated despite the efforts of many experts in a variety of disciplines. Nevertheless, there is little doubt that globalization has begun to take effect throughout the world and that as it develops it has begun to transform the worlds economy, its social structure, and political balance (Roundtree, 2006). How pervasive these changes may be remains to be seen but the fact that they are taking place cannot be denied. As indicatedRead MoreImpact Of Terrorism On Contemporary International Relation1786 Words   |  8 Pagesis key to get policy makers attention. Defining terrorism is difficult because it has so many factors but it simply has one key point and that is the act of violence. Violence is used by small groups to achieve political change and it goes back to state violence against citizens during French Revolution and historically that is how terrorism has come to be defined. Terrorism has four groups that small groups pursue which are, ideological, ethnic, religious exclusion and persecution. There are also

Harriet Jacobs - 1175 Words

Although all the slave narratives are similar in some respects; Harriet Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl was comparatively different from Olaudah Equiano’s and Venture Smith’s slave narratives. The major contrasts start in the beginning; Jacobs’ was born into slavery, whereas Equiano and Smith were native Africans who were captured and brought to America. By being born into slavery I believe that she had a different mentality of what being a slave was, unlike the other two authors who had to learn the language and had to adapt to a completely different environment. Although all of them had different life experiences, I believe that what makes Jacobs’ story stand out is that is was told from the perspective of a woman.†¦show more content†¦Her plight in acquiring freedom is parallel to that of Anne Frank; she hid in the crawl space for seven years from 1835 to 1842; sewing reading the Bible, and keeping watch over her most prize d possessions, her children. I believe that living there was both a blessing and a curse; she was able to see her children grow up but she could never talk to them or hold them. She was safe but in a way she was in constant danger of being found. She was close to freedom but she had to stay in a cramped space for seven years. What she had to endure made her seem more relatable to then the other slave narratives that I read. She was determined to be free and for both her children to be free and this was the only way she knew of how to accomplish her dream. After Jacobs’ ran away from Mr. Flint, Dr. Flint never gave up looking for Harriet. This was another difference in this narrative; the owner had somewhat of an obsession with his former slave. He did everything in his power to find her, from putting out wanted ads offering money for her return, writing and visiting New York where he thought she was hiding, and constantly questioning her family on her whereabouts. It was as though he couldn’t deal with the fact that he didn’t have control over her anymore. Maybe it was because she didn’t give into his sexual advances or maybe it was just because a slave had outsmarted him, but his determination to enslave Jacobs’ again was peculiar. Another way Incidents in the Life ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Harriet Jacobs 778 Words   |  4 PagesHarriet Jacobs, or Linda Brent in the book, was born in 1813 near Edenton, North Carolina as a slave. She was blessed with, in her words, â€Å"unusually fortunate circumstances(Jacobs, Pg.3)† until age six when her mother died. She stayed with her mistress, Margaret Horniblow, until she was twelve years old where on her mistress’s death she was willed to her mistress’s niece and as a result her new mistress’s father, Dr. Flint. Unlike with her previous mistress, her life with the Flints was harsh andRead MoreHarriet Jacobs’ Fight Against Intolerance713 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"My master had power and low on his side; I had determined will. There is might in each† a statement from Harriet Ann Jacobs reflecting her will to overcome the standards of society (97). Harriet Jacobs’ life revolved around slavery from birth to death. Jacobs was a mother of two with determination and insight to make choices to change the way of life for her children. Harriet Jacobs was the first African American women to have her slave narrative published retelling her life story exposingRead MoreHarriet Jacobs s Life Of A Slave1896 Words   |  8 PagesHarriet Jacobs was born a slave herself in Edenton, North Carolina and was one of the first women to write a slave narrative in the United States of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861). It was to address the white women of the North and thousands of â€Å"Slave mothers that are still in bondage in the South† (Jacobs 126). Jacobs tells her life of twenty-seven years in slavery in-depth life as a slave, and the choices she made to gain freedom for herself and her children. She writes a storyRead MoreThe Feminism Of Harriet Jacobs1260 Words   |  6 PagesNehemiah Walls Oct. 29, 2016 Eng.333 The Feminism of Harriet Jacobs Since the early annuls of history minority groups have always faced opposition for the dominating forcing. As a counter rebuttal movements and uprisings usually occurred in order to correct and promote better treatment within these oppressed groups. Feminism served as a mechanism to promote equity amongst gender, sexual, ethnic, and even economic lines. Notwithstanding, there still looms bigotry and oppression from the heavilyRead MoreEssay on Harriet Jacobs474 Words   |  2 PagesHarriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl was written to appeal to an audience of free white women and to involve them in the antislavery struggle. At a more personal level, it was written to vindicate Harriet Jacobs, both to reveal her history and to account for it in a public setting. Jacobss narrative signals several significant departures from the literary and social conventions of the slave narrative, a genre that enjoyed widespread popularity in the United StatesRead MoreHarriet Jacobs Vs. Douglas1263 Words   |  6 PagesTamera Buckner Ashley Morgan ENG 1013 D3 25 2/21/2016 Harriet Jacobs vs Fredrick Douglas Slavery was one of the most tragic memories known for in the black race. Slavery is the process at which an African American is purchased by a Caucasian who is used for exhausting labor work such as picking cotton, or tending to house work and being restricted from freedom. All of the slaves were used and abused physically, mentally, and emotionally. In some cases abuse was the death of many of those slavesRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave By Harriet Jacob Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pageswere treated is because of three autobiographies, Incidents in the Life of a Slave by Harriet Jacob, Autobiography of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass, who had a huge impact during the times of slavery, and Twelve Years a Slave by Solomon Northup. Because of these three autobiographies historians can accurately explain how bad slavery was. A very helpful source of the time of slavery was Harriet Ann Jacobs. She is part of the reason on why people know so much about slavery. Her stories tellRead MoreA Brief History of Harriet Jacobs575 Words   |  2 Pages As a slave and as a runaway, Harriet Jacobs suffered more psychological abuse than physical abuse. Harriet Jacobs had to withstand massive amounts of pain and psychological torture due to her place in society as a slave. Jacobs does not leave out the physical aspect of the suffering, however, she focuses more on the spiritual and emotional aspect of the slavery age. Although Jacobs had a relatively easy life in comparison to other slaves, she was deprived from basic human rights and necessitiesRead MoreHarriet Jacobs : A Strong Woman1367 Words   |  6 PagesHarriet Jacobs was a strong woman who endured the hardships of slavery since childhood in the nineteenth century. She was treated well as a child, but when her mistress passed away, she was willed to her deceas ed mistress s niece. It was upon living with that family where she faced her greatest problem. In that household, she dealt with Dr. Flint s harassment and his wife s jealousy. Jacobs later on had a bay in hopes that it would lead a better life than she did. Through describing events, conversingRead MoreThe Fight For Freedom By Harriet Jacobs2100 Words   |  9 PagesProf. Wall English 2327-001 21 November 2014 The Fight for Freedom Harriet Jacobs, in her narrative, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, was born into slavery in the south. While her youth contained â€Å"six years of happy childhood,† a few tragedies and mistresses later, Jacobs spent many years in pain under the possession of her cruel five-year-old mistress, Emily Flint, and Emily’s father, Dr. Flint. Once able to obtain freedom, Jacobs spent most of her life working for the Anti-Slavery office in New

Beneath the Cross Catholics and Huguenots In Sixteenth Century France Free Essays

Barbara B. Diefendorf, a distinguished historian, narrates the events prior to the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in France. We will write a custom essay sample on Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots In Sixteenth Century France or any similar topic only for you Order Now The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre was a way for the ruling French monarchy to dispose or eliminate all Huguenots in France. After the Protestant Reformation in Germany, there was a diversification of the Protestant faith all over Europe. In Switzerland, Zwingli established a sect that mixed Orthodox Catholicism and Lutheranism. In England, Henry VIII declared himself as the supreme head of the Church of England, without changing traditional elements of Catholic faith. In Geneva, a zealous preacher, John Calvin, taught the doctrine of predestination. According to this doctrine, before a man is born, his soul was ordained by God to be in either heaven or hell. Man, even by his own freewill, cannot change his destination. Thus, in order to assail his own salvation, he must show to the world that he is destined to heaven. The trajectory of life, according to Calvin, is cloaked with uncertainty of the afterlife. This doctrine shocked the even Calvin’s Protestant contemporaries, notably Luther and Zwingli. The Pope even agreed with other Protestant leaders that such faith could not be Christian or borne out of Christ-centered faith. Thus, the first seed of persecution was released. Among all Protestant faiths, Calvinism suffered the longest and most brutal persecution. Other factors also contributed to the Calvinist persecution in Europe (especially in France). Among were as follows: 1) The Huguenots were able to acquire political and economic power (thus assuming significance in European affairs; 2) The new faith rejected the absolute power of the monarchy. It proposed a new social system that relies heavily on communalism and brotherhood; 3) And, pressure from the Papacy forced Catholic countries to realign their policies toward traditional faith and social system (this was a reactionary move to the ideals of Calvinism). Main Theme of the Book In the book, the main theme can be summed up as: the gradual toleration of Huguenots in France generally resulted to increasing persecution of the adherents of Calvinism (although Huguenots comprised only 5% of the French population). The resulting struggle between Catholics and Huguenots was known as â€Å"The Wars of Religion. † For more than two centuries, France was the scene of legal and military struggle between the two factions, until Cardinal Richelieu (the regent of Louis XIII) and King Louis XIV destroyed the last bastions of Huguenots in France. The main theme is subdivided into three sub themes. Here are as follows: 1) The first stage of the conflict (from 1557 to 1563) was characterized by breakdown of order in the city of Paris. The Huguenots were initially granted toleration in the Edict of Amboise; 2) The second stage (from 1563 to 1577) was seen as the initial criss-cross theological battle of Catholic and Huguenot theologians in some of Europe’s prestigious universities. Catholic theologians were led by the Jesuits. Huguenot professors were headed by the first students of Calvin; 3) The third stage (from 1567 to 1572) was provoked by religious discontent of both Catholics and Huguenots. Catholics (especially the nobility and the French monarchy) wanted the deterioration of the economic and political power of the Huguenots. The Huguenots demanded more toleration (the opening of more districts for Huguenot worship and the removal of Huguenot books from the list of forbidden books). This was the period prior to the St. Bartholomew’s Massacre. Results Many Catholics in France felt that the degree of toleration granted to the Huguenots (the followers of Calvin) was more than enough to destroy the authority of the Church and the Catholic monarchy. There was an increasing call among traditionalists to destroy the very foundation of Calvinism: their worship districts. Admiral Coligny, the leader of the Huguenots, was severely wounded after an assassination. Several clashes between Catholic and Huguenots were notably in most of France’s major cities. On the night of august 23, a decision was taken at the Louvre to kill Coligny and the entire Huguenot hierarchy. Catherine de Medici, the mother queen, forced his son Charles IX to sign the order. Thus the infamous massacre in history finally came. Generally, the result of â€Å"The Wars of Religion† was the destruction of Huguenot power and the restoration of Catholicism as the official state religion of France. Methods The use of â€Å"historical documents† was highly noted in the book. Several documents dating back to the sixteenth century were presented to compound the main thoughts of the author. There was also a heavy reliance on the use of autobiographies, especially that of the Huguenot leaders who survived the massacre. In general, the methods used by the author were complex in structure and analytical in form. General Critique The author was able to historically â€Å"slice† the events prior to the Huguenot massacre. This is unlike other history books where events were seen as linear progression of cause and effect. Here, events were treated as a web of related forms, leading to a major event. It failed though to explain the â€Å"conditions† which gave Huguenots tremendous power in France despite their minute number. BIBLIOGRAPHY Diefendorf, Barbara B. Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris. (New York: Oxford UP, 1991). How to cite Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots In Sixteenth Century France, Papers

Satisfaction Level of Government Sector Employees †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Satisfaction Level of Government Sector Employees. Answer: Introduction: Job satisfaction is the combination of feelings an employee possess towards his job and role. It is a subjective variable that ascertains whether employees expectations are met or not while working for an organization. Job satisfaction refers to the contentment an employee derives from the job which directly affects his commitment towards the organization (Kaliski, 2007). It has been proved in many studies that job satisfaction yields productivity on the job. An employee who feels satisfied with his job tends to perform excellently as compared to his counterparts who do not feel the same (Lease, 1998). Job satisfaction is a strong indicator of employees attitude at the job (Saari Timothy, 2004). The process of measuring job satisfaction can be complicated and may give incoherent outcomes. The reason lies in the fact that job satisfaction is a subjective phenomenon. The components that potentially affect an employees level of satisfaction with job vary from person to person. Some people give more importance to financial rewards whereas others focus on career growth opportunities in the organization. Furthermore, the factors affecting job satisfaction can be intrinsic or extrinsic in different cases. The organization needs a comprehensive method that exclusively coves the affective, cognitive and behavioural elements while assessing the level of job satisfaction in the firm. Proposed measures of job satisfaction Job satisfaction is the product of the interplay between various elements related to a job. The two most critical measures of job satisfaction are psychological factors and organizational factors. Psychological factors such as opportunities for growth, acknowledgement, feedback for improvement, the scope for innovation, relationship with superiors, autonomy and flexibility help in building a positive or negative attitude towards the job (Neog Barua, 2014). The presence of these elements facilitates in creating an affirmative work culture where employees feel motivated to perform at higher levels (Jiskani, Bhatti Ahmed, 2011). The organizational measures such as compensation management, financial and non-financial rewards, performance management system and company policies play a crucial role in assessing the employees job satisfaction level. These factors are explicit as they are vital in fulfilling the lower order needs (Aydin Bulent, 2009). A transparent and systematic performance appraisal process ensures that every employee receives a fair reward for his performance (Stredwick, 2005). The organizational measures should be given equal importance while measuring the job satisfaction to create a committed and empowered workforce. The psychological and organizational measures of job satisfaction are two critical aspects of a job. According to Herzberg two factor theory (1959), organizational factors are hygiene factors whose absence may cause dissatisfaction in the workplace. However, their presence doesnt guarantee job satisfaction unless motivators or psychological factors are present also. Therefore, the motivators like recognition, autonomy at work play an instrumental role in bringing satisfaction because they are inherent (Herzberg, Mausner Synderman, 1959). It is a vital fact that both measures of job satisfaction bear a significant magnitude in creating an overall impact on job satisfaction (Stredwick, 2005). It is advisable that the company in concern should devise a process with a balanced approach between the two measures of job satisfaction. Strategies to increase job satisfaction This section focuses on some concrete strategies that should be implemented to enhance the level of job satisfaction in the organization. A comprehensive effort at the system level is necessary for sustainable results. Some strategies for increasing employee contentment at the workplace are discussed below. Foster an organic culture. The primary characteristic of organic corporate culture is the empowered employees who are free to experiment and innovate. In the organic culture, communication takes place in all the directions (Hage, 1965). Employees get invitations to express their opinions and views on all the strategic matters. Further, employees get frequent recognition for their contributions at the individual and team level. They get learning opportunities so that they can study latest technology and skills prevailing in the market. Employees trust their leaders and managers. They collaborate, coordinate and connect with others to create a friendly work environment which yields higher productivity (Lunenburg, 2012). The report recommends that the company should flatten the hierarchy and adopt a team-based work philosophy so that the decision making can be decentralized and employees feel engaged and empowered. Further, the communication channels must be strengthened to motivate emp loyees to share honest feedback, creative ideas and constructive suggestions. The report also recommends building value and ethics-driven work culture. Provide competitive compensation packages. It is advisable that the company must give salaries, perks and benefits after considering the ongoing rates. If needed, it is desirable to conduct a job evaluation to determine the worth of every job to revise the packages accordingly. The non-financial benefits should also be adequately included to create a balanced salary structure. Additionally, work-life balance is a crucial factor these days. The company can offer flexible working hours, work-from-home and other benefits to increase job satisfaction among employees. The opportunities for promotion, incentives, and increments play a significant role in boosting the morale of employees. The benefits related to health, maternity, retirement and social security are equally important. Create Assessment Centres. Assessment centres help in gauging the potential of employees to prepare them for higher and strategic positions. Assessment centres efficiently help in skill mapping and drawing the gap between present skills and required skills to create a competitive workforce (Tripathi, 2016). The centre judges the emotional, cognitive and behavioural competencies of employees and helps in improving them continuously. The report recommends developing a dedicated assessment centre for career and succession planning of employees. Employees feel satisfied and worthy when they get chances for training and learning on a regular basis. Conclusion Convincingly, job satisfaction is an integral element of a competitive workforce in which employees are loyal, committed and efficient. The presence of hygiene and motivating factors help in raising the level of job satisfaction in the workplace. The recommended strategies and interventions are bound to produce a positive impact on the overall job satisfaction of employees through planned implementation and execution. References Aydin Bulent. (2009). A research analysis on employee satisfaction in terms of organizational culture and spiritual leadership. International Journal of Management. Hage, J. (1965). An axiomatic theory of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, 289-320. Herzberg, F, Mausner, B, Snyderman, B. (1959).The motivation to work(2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. Jiskani, S., Bhatti, K., Ahmed, S. (2011). Measuring job satisfaction level of government sector employees: A case of bureau of statistics, Government of Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 7(1), 19-26. Kaliski, B.S. (2007). Encyclopaedia of business and finance (2nd ed.). Detroit: Thompson Gale. Lease, S. H. (1998). Annual review, 19931997: Work attitudes and outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 53(2), 154183. Lunenburg, F. (2012). Mechanistic-organic organizationsAn axiomatic theory: authority based on bureaucracy or professional norms. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity 14(1), 1-7. Neog, B., Barua, M. (2014). Factors influencing employees job satisfaction: An empirical study among employees of automobile service workshops in Assam. The SIJ Transactions on Industrial, Financial Business Management 2 (7), 305-316. Saari, L. Judge, T. (2004). Employee attitudes and job satisfaction. Human Resource Management, 43(4), 395-407. Stredwick, J. (2005). Introduction to human resource management, 2nd ed., Burlington: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann. Tripathi, R. (2016). Assessment centres: benefits and shortcomings. Emerging Research in Management Technology, 5(2), 1-34.

Asprin essays

Asprin essays The discovery of aspirin dates back to the 5th century B.C., when Hippocrates used a powder from the bark of a willow tree to ease minor pains, reduce fevers and to help with childbirth. The willow tree powder was actually salicin, the pharmacological ancestor to the family of drugs known as salicylates. The best known of which is aspirin. Later efforts where made to neutralize salicin with sodium, but unfortunately turned out to be useless. In 1853 a French chemist named Charles Fredric Gerhardt tried to improve sodium salicylate in 1853. He combined it with acetyl chloride, which proved to be less irritating to the stomach. After a few years of hard work, Gerhardt didnt see any future with this concoction and soon abandoned it. In 1899 a German chemist, Felix Hoffmann set out to find a formulation to relieve his fathers arthritis pain. Hoffman used Gerhardts research to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a compound that appeared to lower fever, reduce pain and at high doses relieved arthritis. Hoffmann, who worked for Bayer, took his research to his superiors. They, however, doubted the commercial success of ASA. This was because ASA commonly caused shortness of breath and very high heart rates when taken in large doses. Fredrick Bayer in is the common drug ending of that time. When Bayer marketed the drug in 1897, they had no idea that it would turn out to be the most commonly used pain reliever in history. Aspirin works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that influence the elasticity of blood vessels, control urine contractions, and the direct functioning of blood platelets. Blood platelets cause blood clots and regulate numerous body functions. John Vane, Ph....

Free Essays on Malcolm X

On May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, Louise Little gave birth to a son, Malcom. Both she and Malcom's father, a Baptist preacher named Earl, were members of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement. Including Malcom, there were eight children in the Little family. When Malcolm was an infant, his family was forced to move to Lansing, Michigan after being driven from Omaha by the Ku Klux Klan. Once in Lansing, their house was burned down by a white hate group called the Black Legionnaires. Earl Little died when Malcolm was six years old. After his father died, Malcom's mother had a mental breakdown. With no one to care for them, all eight children were sent to foster homes. Malcolm dropped out of school after the 8th grade. Soon after, he became involved in hustling, drug dealing, and burglaries. This criminal lifestyle landed him in the penitentiary where he spent six years, from 1946 to 1952. During his prison term, Malcolm turned to religion for answers. When he was re leased he became a minister for the nation of Islam. He was the national spokesman for Elijah Muhammed. The Nation of Islam grew from several hundred members to hundreds of thousands of members under Malcolm's leadership. The organization built 40 temples in the and bought 30 radio stations nationwide. The Nation of Islam recruited members from ghetto poor communities, people from the prisons, hustlers, drug dealers, pimps, prostitutes, and thieves. These people were believed to be, â€Å"ethically impoverished by white racist neglect of their fundamental needs.† These fundamental needs were "self-respect, social dignity, to understand their royal black history, and to worship and serve a black god." The Nation of Islam also believed women were a â€Å"lethal source of deception and seduction from within.† The women had to wear a modest dress, they were under close supervision of men, and they were relegated to the background. In March of 1964 Malcolm left... Free Essays on Malcolm X Free Essays on Malcolm X Malcolm X was probably one of the most controversial elements in the civil rights movement. Malcolm X had become a member of the Nation of Islam in his earlier years. The Islamic faith borrows basic ideas from the orthodox teachings of Islam and combines them with the very racist views regarding whites taught by Elijah Mohammed. Malcolm was a very influential priest for the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X questioned some of the views and beliefs of the Nation of Islam, which made Mr. Mohammed and the rest of the Nation angry. This forced Malcolm to travel on a journey overseas to find out what his true beliefs were. When he reached Arabia, he found that it was a different society than that of which Elijah Mohammed had described it. Malcolm discovered that race played no role in determining a person's status in society. Viewing this made a positive change in Malcolm X's beliefs and views. This unity of human kind made Malcolm think and change his ideas about the solution to the racial prob lem in America. This was the most influential turning point in his life. Malcolm first adopted his views and beliefs of the Nation of Islam while he was serving time in prison. By the time he had gotten out of prison, he had undergone a transformation from a drug-dealing thief to a religious priest for his newfound faith, the Nation of Islam. Malcolm had taken on in full Mr. Mohammed's racist teachings. It was through these teachings that Malcolm X developed his radical views about race in America. Under the guidance and teachings of Elijah Mohammed, Malcolm had targeted all whites and blamed them for position of African Americans in society. He referred to the whites as devils, which tried making the standards of blacks even lower then they already were. Malcolm X believed that complete segregation was the only way to end racial problems in America. He also said that all actions committed against blacks in history were due to the white race as a whole... Free Essays on Malcolm X They were black men who had a dream, but never lived to see it fulfilled. One was a man who spoke out to all humanity, but the world was not yet ready for his peaceful words, " I have a dream, a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of it's creed†¦ that all men are created equal." (Martin Luther King). The other, a man who spoke of a violent revolution, which would bring about radical change for the black race. " Anything you can think of that you want to change right now, the only way you can do it is with a ballot or a bullet. And if you're not ready to get involved with either only of those, you are satisfied with the status quo. That means we'll have to change." (Malcolm X) While Martin Luther King promoted non-violence, Civil Rights, and the end to racial segregation, a man of the name Malcom X dreamed of a separate nation. Malcom Little was born on May 19, 1925 and came from an underprivileged home. He was a self-taught man who received little schooling and rose to greatness on his own intelligence and determination. The early background of Malcolm X was a large factor responsible for the distinct different responses to American racism. During his childhood, He was raised in a harsh atmosphere consisting of fear and anger where the seeds of bitterness were planted resulting in his attitude effecting his decisions later in live. Malcolm X suffered not only from abuse by whites, but also from domestic violence. His father beat his mother and both of them abused their children. His mother was forced to raise 8 children during the depression. After his mother had a nervous breakdown his family was spilt up. The children were all placed in foster homes. And the burning of his house by the Klu Klux Klan resulted in the murder of his father. Malcolm's resentment was increased as he suffered through these hard ships, and he was haunted by this early nightmare for most of his life. From then on, he w... Free Essays on Malcolm X Autobiography of Malcolm X The hardest part of this story is trying to capture the significance to every word and detail that’s written. The only idea that could flow the reader’s mind is, â€Å"Where exactly is this story going?† and it is as though the writer understands this pondering and answers, â€Å"I would not spend one hour in the preparation of a book which had the ambition to perhaps titillate some readers. But I am spending many hours because the full story is the best way that I know to have seen, and understood, that I had sunk to the very bottom of the American white man’s society†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (153). While making sense and finally putting the wandering mind out of its misery; it grabs the reader and pushes it to move on throughout the book. If the author wanted to titillate, writing this realistic experience was the way to do so. Malcolm Little was born on May 19, 1925 and came from an underprivileged home. He was a self-taught man who received little schooling and rose to greatness on his own intelligence and determination. The early background of Malcolm X was a large factor responsible for the distinct different responses to American racism. During his childhood, he was raised in a harsh atmosphere consisting of fear and anger where the seeds of bitterness were planted resulting in his attitude effecting his decisions later in life. Malcolm X suffered not only from abuse by whites, but also from domestic violence. His father beat his mother and both of them abused their children. His mother was forced to raise 8 children during the depression. After his mother had a nervous breakdown his family was spilt up. The children were all placed in foster homes. The burning of his house by the Ku Klux Klan resulted in the murder of his father. Malcolm’s resentment was increased as he suffered through these hardships, and he was haunted by this early nightmare for most of his life. From then on, hatred and desire for revenge... Free Essays on Malcolm X On May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, Louise Little gave birth to a son, Malcom. Both she and Malcom's father, a Baptist preacher named Earl, were members of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement. Including Malcom, there were eight children in the Little family. When Malcolm was an infant, his family was forced to move to Lansing, Michigan after being driven from Omaha by the Ku Klux Klan. Once in Lansing, their house was burned down by a white hate group called the Black Legionnaires. Earl Little died when Malcolm was six years old. After his father died, Malcom's mother had a mental breakdown. With no one to care for them, all eight children were sent to foster homes. Malcolm dropped out of school after the 8th grade. Soon after, he became involved in hustling, drug dealing, and burglaries. This criminal lifestyle landed him in the penitentiary where he spent six years, from 1946 to 1952. During his prison term, Malcolm turned to religion for answers. When he was re leased he became a minister for the nation of Islam. He was the national spokesman for Elijah Muhammed. The Nation of Islam grew from several hundred members to hundreds of thousands of members under Malcolm's leadership. The organization built 40 temples in the and bought 30 radio stations nationwide. The Nation of Islam recruited members from ghetto poor communities, people from the prisons, hustlers, drug dealers, pimps, prostitutes, and thieves. These people were believed to be, â€Å"ethically impoverished by white racist neglect of their fundamental needs.† These fundamental needs were "self-respect, social dignity, to understand their royal black history, and to worship and serve a black god." The Nation of Islam also believed women were a â€Å"lethal source of deception and seduction from within.† The women had to wear a modest dress, they were under close supervision of men, and they were relegated to the background. In March of 1964 Malcolm left... Free Essays on Malcolm X Early Life On May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, Malcolm Little was born to Reverend Earl and Louise Little. Rev. Little, who believed in self-determination and worked for the unity of black people. Malcolm was raised in a background of ethnic awareness and dignity, but violence was sparked by white racists trying to stop black people such as Rev. Little from preaching the black cause. The history of Malcolm's dedication to black people, like that of his father, may have been motivated by a long history of oppression of his family. As a young child, Malcolm, his parents, brothers, and sisters were shot at, burned out of their home, harassed, and threatened. This culminated in the murder of his father by white racists when Malcolm was six. Malcolm became a drop-out from school at the age of fifteen. Learning the ways of the streets, Malcolm became acquainted with hoodlums, thieves, dope peddlers, and pimps. Convicted of burglary at twenty, he remained in prison until the age of twenty-seven. During his prison stay he attempted to educate himself. In addition, during his period in prison he learned about and joined the Nation of Islam, studying the teachings of Elijah Muhammed fully. He was released, a changed man, in 1952. The Nation of Islam Upon his release, Malcolm went to Detroit, joined the daily activities of the sect, and was given instruction by Elijah Muhammad himself. Malcolm's personal commitment helped build the organization nation-wide, while making him an international figure. He was interviewed on major television programs and by magazines, and spoke across the country at various universities and other forums. His power was in his words, which so vividly described the plight of blacks and vehemently incriminated whites. When a white person referred to the fact that some Southern university had enrolled black freshmen without bay... Free Essays on Malcolm X Malcolm Little, also known as Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother, Louise Little was born in Grenada, a city in the British West Indies. His father, Earl Little was a very dark skinned man from Reynolds, Georgia who married Louise just after the birth of young Malcolm. Earl Little was a Baptist minister and organizer for Marcus Garvey. Marcus Garvey wanted and believed that all African-Americans should go back to the â€Å"home land†, Africa. Earl’s teachings of Garvey’s movement caused the whole family to be terrorized by the Ku Klux Klan. To avoid any more harassment be the group, Earl Little moved his family to Lansing, Michigan. Earl’s dreams of getting away from the white racists didn’t come true. Michigan’s chapter of the group beat Earl Little brutally with a hammer and left him for dead on a railroad track. Alone with no money, Louise Little was left to provide for her children, but the task proved too difficult and she had a nervous breakdown. The white authorities sent her to a mental institution. The Little children were forced to separate. Malcolm Little lived with a number of deferent families. All of Malcolm’s family was separated and he attended school until eighth grade. He was the only colored person in his school. He achieved the highest grades in his class, but his peers still didn’t accept him because of his color. When his teacher stopped him from trying to become a lawyer because the job was accessible only for whites, Malcolm dropped out of school and went to his older half sister, Ella, who lived in Boston. There, he took a job as a shoeshine boy at the Roseland Ballroom. Malcolm was described as a hard worker, but he didn’t make a lot of money. A career as a hustler seemed a more tempting option. He saw the hustlers around and saw their clothes, women, and money. Soon Malcolm Little started selling drugs. He slipped into the role of a black hustler. He m... Free Essays on Malcolm X Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother Louis Norton Little was a homemaker taking care of the family's eight children. His father, Earl Little, was a Baptist minister and supporter of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. There Michigan home was burned to the ground, and two years later Earl's mutilated body was found lying across the town's trolley tracks. Police ruled both accidents, but the Little's knew that members of the Black Legion did it. Louise had a breakdown several years after the death of her husband and was committed to a mental institution. Her children were split up in foster homes and orphanages. Malcolm was a smart, focused student and graduated from junior high at the top of his class. However, when a favorite teacher told Malcolm his dream of becoming a lawyer was "no realistic goal for a nigger," Malcolm lost interest in school. He dropped out, spent some time in Boston, Massachusetts working diferent jobs, and then wnet to Harlem, New York where he caused troble. Eventually Malcolm and his buddy, Malcolm "Shorty" Jarvis, moved back to Boston, where they were arrested and convicted for burglary in 1946. Malcolm It was during this time that Malcolm's brother Reginald visited and discussed his converson to the Muslim religious organization the Nation of Islam. Then Malcolm studie the Islam leader Elijah Muhammad. Among other things, the Nation of Islam fought for a state of their own, separate from one where white people lived. By the time he was paroled in 1952, Malcolm was a devoted follower with the new surname "X." He considered "Little" a slave name and chose the "X" to signify his lost tribal name.... Free Essays on Malcolm X Humans are shaped through interactions and experiences with other individuals. What happened to us in the childhood directly forms our identity, character and morality. Malcolm Little, also known as Malcolm X experienced childhood full of hurdles. He had to face them only because of the dark color of his skin. One of those hurdles was the murder of his father, who as Baptist minister fought for improvement of life of black community. Wrongful death of a head of the family bestowed intensive psychological pressures and financial difficulties on Malcolm and his family. An unstable situation in the family forced very young Malcolm to steal, starve and to look desperately for food. Under these demoralizing circumstances at young age, he was pressured to violate the law to fulfill the very basic need for food. As soon as Malcolm's mother unfairly lost her job because of her skin color, welfare state people ate away family's pride and dignity. Their forced visits and conversations disintegrated the family by telling them lies against each other. Welfare people finally brought family to its knees and separated its members from each other. Thus Malcolm was forced to leave behind the closest people to his heart. That left him naked to racist acts, opinions and judgments of white individuals who underestimated his abilities and skills. Because of the absence of his parents, it became difficult for Malcolm to talk to someone about his problems. Things that he experienced in school changed his life substantially. It's known that a teacher can play special role in the life of every student. However, one teacher that young Malcolm seemed to trust discouraged and humiliated his talent despite excellent performance in school. Malcolm naturally expected his abilities to be reaffirmed by his teacher, but instead he was discouraged to pursue his dream. It's important to mention that Malcolm was never considered equal to any white student even though he...

The History of Human Resources Management Research Paper

The History of Human Resources Management - Research Paper Example Industrial relations and organizational behavior are much the same paving the way for HRM as the ideal management model responsive to the pressures of intensive competitive forces. By definition, HRM simply refers to a system of operational management designed to ensure effective and efficient use of human talents in accomplishing organizational objectives (Mathis & Jackson, 2007). The function of HRM in the business enterprise has a long history, with roots right in the rise of modern industry in the nineteenth century. This article endeavors to put into perspective the history and development of the subject matter at hand, providing in part its progressive nature into the modern status. The Genesis and Early Development of HRM A generic thought that involves the management of labor services in production, human resource management (HRM) has its origin in the establishment of formal enterprises during the course of human history. Though recent in its use within the academic circles and/or in industrial developments [barely two decades old], the ideas engendered in "human resource management" are old and goes back to the dawn of human history. It [human resource management] has, thus, only undergone social and economic makeovers from earlier forms of administration through history, necessitating name changes a couple of times to accommodate the various productivity optimization add-ons. HRM as practiced today has two distinct antecedents: the emergence of industrial welfare in the 1800s and the creation of separate recruitment and selection offices/departments in the 1900s. The 1800s, particularly in the 1830s onwards, quite a number of companies begun the provision of various workplace and family amenities that included medical cover, housing, libraries , recreational programs, among other free services deemed important for effective and efficient production (Gospel, 1992). The inclusion of these extra services, reportedly pioneered by the German industries, f requently called for the creation of temporary departments hitherto known as welfare departments out of humanitarian concerns. From temporary positions created out of necessity to handle immediate tasks regarding employees’ wellbeing, separate employment offices, often staffed by one or a limited number of lower-level clerks, emerged to centralize and standardize functions such as recruitments and the general record-keeping of employee-related issues. The enactment of civil service legislations across Europe solidified the importance of employment departments, contributing to phasing out of the temporary nature of these departments into permanent offices. Farnham (1921) report of a German steel company Krupp having had an established Personnelburo as an independent office handling staff related functions since the late 1800s. As similar bureaus became widespread, the term ‘employment management’ quickly became the accepted description of the new management functi on with wide cross border managerial support. Routing employment management to HRM as ordered today was the emergence of the doctrine of scientific management (SM) authored