The Role of Scenario Planning in Exploring the Environment Essay

The Role of Scenario Planning in Exploring the Environment - Essay Example Increasing pressure on the resource, and factors to its production, however, identifies concerns over trends in its future market. These lead to the question, ‘how will the crude oil industry affect our country’s economy and households’ livelihoods in the year 2020?’ Trends in the crude oil industry identify many uncertainties, both short term and long term. Seasonal weather conditions that affect energy consumption levels in traveling and heating determines variable demand levels and prices of crude oil. Adverse weather phenomena such as hurricanes also hamper production process to influence supply, and subsequently price of crude oil. Other factors that influence trends in the industry include resolutions by OPEC, production cost, and technological developments for the industry’s applications. Increasing demand for oil by emerging Asian economies such as China and India is another driver to the industry’s trend (Nrcan 2010). Similarly, increasing global demand for oil indicates future demand concerns (Opec 2012). The industry’s critical uncertainties are demand and adverse weather conditions. Demand has a high potential level because it dictates the industry’s quantity of production and influences prices at given supply capacities. It is however uncertain because of possible changes such as the emergence of expanding economies and development of alternative sources of energy. Adverse weather conditions also dictate the ability to mine crude oil and are highly unpredictable, being natural conditions (Nrcan 2010; Opec 2012). Demand for crude oil identifies two extremes, high demand relative to supply and low demand relative to supply while weather conditions identify existence of adverse weather conditions and favorable weather. The two factors generate four scenarios as shown below (Burt 2006). A favorable condition will occur under high demand for crude oil and simultaneous favorable weather conditions. This would mean an active economy that utilizes energy for production activities and household needs. Availability of oil due to good weather would also mean sufficient supply and consequently favorable prices.  

Building Factory Essay Example for Free

Building Factory Essay A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position. I am from Saint-Petersburg, Russia. I believe that building a large factory near my community has advantages as well as disadvantages. In the following paragraphs I will list basic benefits and losses that will be brought by a new factory. For several reasons, I think that a new factory will not be a good addition to my neighborhood. First of all, factories often bring pollution. They are prone to contaminating the local air and water. Second of all, factories make noise. Another important aspect of building a new factory near by is that it will make the local traffic heavy. As a result of this, the amount of traffic congestions will increase, as well as contamination of the air. So, all these obviously will not make ones life happier and healthier in my community. From the other side, I believe that a new factory will bring some advantages to my community. First of all, it will bring new job opportunities. Many specialists will be required to work there. Second of all, I think many local community facilities will have to be renovated to obtain reliable supply of water and electricity. So, some old pipes may be changed. Another important benefit of this is that the local roads in order to manage the increasing traffic will be rebuilt and widened. However, I do not think that listed above benefits are worth all these troubles including water contamination and the constant pollution of air. From my point of view all factories must be built far from the people communities because they can be really harmful for peoples health.

Modelling of β-turns using Hidden Markov Model

Modelling of ÃŽ ²-turns using Hidden Markov Model Modelling of ÃŽ ²-turns using Hidden Markov Model Nivedita Rao Ms. Sunila Godara Abstract— One of the major tasks in predicting the secondary structure of a protein is to find the ÃŽ ²-turns. Functional and structural traits of a globular protein can be better understood by the turns as they play an important role in it. ÃŽ ²-turns play an important part in protein folding. ÃŽ ²-turns constitute on an average of 25% of the residues in all protein chains and are the most usual form of non-repetitive structures. It is already known that helices and ÃŽ ²-sheets are among the most important keys in stabilizing the structures in proteins. In this paper we have used hidden Markov model (HMM) in order to predict the ÃŽ ²-turns in proteins based on amino acid composition and compared it with other existing methods. Keywords- ÃŽ ²-turns, amino acid composition, hidden Markov model, residue. I. Introduction Bioinformatics has become a vital part of many areas of biology. In molecular biology, bioinformatics techniques such as signal processing or image processing allow mining of useful results from large volumes of raw data. In the field ofgeneticsandgenomics, it helps in sequencing and explaining genomes and their perceivedmutations. It plays an important part in the analysis of protein expression, gene expression and their regulation. It also helps in literal mining of biological prose and the growth of biological and gene ontologies for organizing and querying biological data. Bioinformatics tools aid in the contrast of genetic and genomic data and more commonly in the understanding of evolutionary facets of molecule based biology. At a more confederated level, bioinformatics helps in analyzing and categorizing the biological trails and networks that are an significant part of systems biology. In structural biology, bioinformatics helps in the understanding, simulation and modelling of RNA, DNA and protein structures as well as molecular bindings. The advancements in genome has increased radically over the recent years, thus resulting in the explosive growth of biological data widening the gap between the number of protein sequences stored in the databases and the experimental annotation of their functions. There are many types of tight turns. These turns may subject to the number of atoms form the turn [1]. Among them is ÃŽ ²-turn, which is one of the important components of protein structure as it plays an important part in molecular structure and protein folding. A ÃŽ ²-turn invokes four consecutive residues where the polypeptide chain bends back on itself for about 180 degrees [2]. Basically these chain reversals are the ones which provide a protein its globularity rather than linearity. Even ÃŽ ²-turns can be further classified into different types. According to Venkatachalam [3], ÃŽ ²-turns can be of 10 types based on phi, psi angles and also some other. Richardson[4] suggested only 6 distinct types(I,I,II,II,VIa and VIb) on the basis of phi, psi ranges, along with a new category IV. Presently, classification by Richardson is most widely used. Turns can be considered as an important part in globular proteins in respect to its structural and functional view. Without the component of turns, a polypeptide chain cannot fold itself into a compressed structure. Also, turns normally occur on the visible surface of proteins and therefore it possibly represents antigenic locations or involves molecular recognition. Thus, due to the above reasons, the prediction of ß-turns in proteins becomes an important element of secondary structure prediction. II. RELATED WORK A lot of work has been done for the prediction of ÃŽ ²-turns. To determine chain reversal regions of a globular protein, Chou at al. [5] used conformational parameters. Chou at al. [6] has given a residue-coupled model in order to predict the ÃŽ ²-turns in proteins. Chou at al. [7] used sequence of tetra peptide. Chou [8] again predicted tight turns and their types in protein using amino acid residues. Guruprasad K at al. [9] predicted ÃŽ ²-turn and ÃŽ ³-turn in proteins using a new set of amino acid and hydrogen bond. Hutchinson at al. [10] created a program called PROMOTIF to identify and analyse structural motifs in proteins. Shepherd at al. [11] used neural networks to predict the location and type of ÃŽ ²-turns. Wilmot at al. [12] analysed and predicted different types of ÃŽ ²-turn in proteins using phi, psi angles and central residues. Wilmot at al. [13] proposed a new nomenclature GORBTURN 1.0 for predicting ÃŽ ²-turns and their distortions. This study has used hidden Markov model to predict the ÃŽ ²-turns in the protein. HMM has been widely used as biological tools. (a) (b) Figure 1.1 (a) defines Type-I ß-turns and (b) defines Type-II ß-turns. The hydrogen bond is denoted by dashed lines. [14] III. Materials and methods A. Dataset The dataset used in the experiment is a non-redundant dataset which was previously described by Guruprasad and Rajkumar [9]. This dataset contains around 426 non-homologous protein chains. All protein chains do not have more than 25% sequence similarity. It is basically to ensure that there is very little correlation in the training set. In this dataset, each protein chain contains at least one beta turn and has X-ray crystallography with resolution 2 or more. The dataset shows there are mainly ten classes and other classes are made using the combination of these ten classes. Table 1 Datasets Description [14] B. Hidden markov model In our work, we have used the probabilistic feature of HMM for ÃŽ ²-turns prediction. A model is presumed that ruminate the protein sequence being generated with a stochastic process that alternates amid two hidden states: â€Å"turns† and â€Å"non-turns†. The HMM is trained using 20 protein sequences. The probability transition matrix is 2Ãâ€"2 for two states: turns and non-turns. The probability emission matrix is considered as 2Ãâ€"20 as there are 2 states and 20 amino acids. We prepared our probability transition matrix and probability emission matrix according to the knowledge that we have for dataset that is the probability of ÃŽ ²-non-turns is more than ÃŽ ²-turns in a protein sequence and by considering probabilities of each residue as the parameter taken from Chou [7] for calculating the emission and transition matrix. There are more than ten classes and this HMM model parameter is estimated in2 super states and the training was performed. Let P be a protein sequence of length n, which can also be expressed as Where ri is the amino acid residue at sequence position i. The sequence is considered to be generated from r1 to rn in hidden Markov model. The model is trained using Baum-Welch algorithm [15]. Baum-Welch algorithm is a standard method for finding the maximum likelihood estimation of HMMs, in which posterior probabilities were performed by using both forward and backward algorithms. These algorithms were used to compile the state transition probability and emission probability matrices. The initial probabilities are calculated, taking into account a correlation between residues in different position. The most probable path is calculated using Viterbi algorithm [16] as it automatically segments the protein into its component regions. The probability of residue in the protein sequence used to generate the emission matrix given by Where, m is the total number that of residue in the protein sequence and n is the total number of residues in the protein sequence. C. Accuracy measures Once the prediction of ÃŽ ²-turns is performed using the hidden Markov model, the problem arises of finding an appropriate measure for the quality of the prediction. Four different scalar measures are used to assess the models performance [17]. These measures can be derived four different quantities: TP (true positive), p, is the number of correctly classified ÃŽ ²-turn residues. TN (true negative), n, is the number of correctly classified non-ÃŽ ²-turn residues. FP (false positive), m, is the number of non-ÃŽ ²-turn residues incorrectly classified as ÃŽ ²-turn residues. FN( false negative), o, is the number of ÃŽ ²-turn residues incorrectly classified as non-ÃŽ ²-turn residues. The predictive performance of the HMM model can be expressed by the following parameters: Qtotal gives the percentage of correctly classified residues. MCC (Matthews Correlation Coefficient) [18] is a measure that counts for both over and under- predictions. Qpredicted , is the percentage of ÃŽ ²-turn predictions that are correct. Qobserved is the percentage of observed ÃŽ ²-turns that are correctly predicted. IV. results and discussions A. Results This model is used to predict the ÃŽ ²-turns and is based on hidden Markov model. There are basically two classes: turns and non-turns. It is used to predict one protein sequence at a time. It has been observed that it performs better than some existing prediction methods. B. Comparison with other methods In order to examine of this method, it has been compared with other existing methods as shown in table 2. For now, the comparison is done on a single protein sequence. The comparison is for protein sequence with PDB code 1ah7. Figure 2 shows comparison of Qtotal using different algorithms. Figure 3 shows comparison of Qpredicted using different algorithms. Figure 4 shows comparison of Qobserved using different algorithms. Figure 5 shows comparison of MCC using different algorithms. The HMM based method shows better results than some of the already existing algorithms of the prediction. Figure 2. comparison of Qtotal with different algorithms Figure 4. comparison of Qobserved with different algorithms Figure 3. comparison of QPredicted with different algorithms Figure 5. comparison of MCC with different algorithms Table 2 Comparison with other methods V. conclusion In this paper, we presented a way in which HMM can be used to predict ÃŽ ²-turns in a protein chain. Our method is used to predict turns and non-turns of single protein sequence at a time. The results thus obtained are better than some of the other existing methods. The performance of the ÃŽ ²-turns can further be improved by considering other techniques such as using predicted secondary structures and dihedral angles from multiple predictors or by using feature selection technique [19] or by considering combination of many features together. We can also combine different machine learning techniques together to improve the performance of the prediction. References Chou, Kuo-Chen. Prediction of tight turns and their types in proteins.Analytical biochemistry286.1 (2000): 1-16. Chou, P.Y. and Fasman, G.D. (1974) Conformational parameters for amino acids in helical, beta-sheet and random coil regions calculated from proteins.Biochemistry, 13, 211-222. Venkatachalam, C. M. Stereochemical criteria for polypeptides and proteins. V. Conformation of a system of three linked peptide units.Biopolymers6.10 (1968): 1425-1436. Richardson, Jane S. The anatomy and taxonomy of protein structure. Advances in protein chemistry34 (1981): 167-339. Chou, P. Y., and G. D. Fasman. Prediction of beta-turns.Biophysical journal 26.3 (1979): 367-383. Chou, K.C. â€Å"Prediction of beta-turns† Journal of Peptide Research(1997): 120-144. Chou, Kou-Chen, and James R. Blinn. Classification and prediction of ÃŽ ²-turn types.Journal of protein chemistry16.6 (1997): 575-595. Chou, Kuo-Chen. Prediction of tight turns and their types in proteins.Analytical biochemistry286.1 (2000): 1-16. Guruprasad, Kunchur, and Sasidharan Rajkumar. Beta-and gamma-turns in proteins revisited: a new set of amino acid turn-type dependent positional preferences and potentials.Journal of biosciences25.2 (2000): 143. Hutchinson, E. Gail, and Janet M. Thornton. PROMOTIF—a program to identify and analyze structural motifs in proteins.Protein Science5.2 (1996): 212-220. Shepherd, Adrian J., Denise Gorse, and Janet M. Thornton. Prediction of the location and type of ÃŽ ²-turns in proteins using neural networks.Protein Science8.5 (1999): 1045-1055. Wilmot, C. M., and J. M. Thornton. Analysis and prediction of the different types of ÃŽ ²-turn in proteins.Journal of molecular biology203.1 (1988): 221-232. Wilmot, C. M., and J. M. Thornton. ÃŽ ²-Turns and their distortions: a proposed new nomenclature.Protein engineering3.6 (1990): 479-493. Available from :http://imtech.res.in/raghava/betatpred/intro.html Welch, Lloyd R. Hidden Markov models and the Baum-Welch algorithm.IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter53.4 (2003): 10-13. Lou, Hui-Ling. Implementing the Viterbi algorithm.Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE12.5 (1995): 42-52. Fuchs, Patrick FJ, and Alain JP Alix. High accuracy prediction of ÃŽ ²Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ turns and their types using propensities and multiple alignments.Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics59.4 (2005): 828-839. Matthews, Brian W. Comparison of the predicted and observed secondary structure of T4 phage lysozyme.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Protein Structure405.2 (1975): 442-451. Saeys, Yvan, Ià ±aki Inza, and Pedro Larraà ±aga. A review of feature selection techniques in bioinformatics.bioinformatics23.19 (2007): 2507-2517.

The Disabling Effects of Selective Mutism Essay -- Disorder Mutism Chi

The Disabling Effects of Selective Mutism Among the vast range of anxiety induced disorders that exist, Selective Mutism may be the most disabling to its victims. It has been estimated that approximately one in a thousand children suffer from this presumed psychiatric ailment wherein the ability to speak is limited to the household or other areas of comfort. (2) Public places and schools elicit so much anxiety within these children that their natural capacity to speak is suppressed. Once a child under five years of age exhibits the behavior described, for over a month, and without having other speech impeding barriers affecting them such as autism or a second language, he or she will most likely be diagnosed with selective mutism. (2) Many hypotheses have been posed as to what causes selective mutism, however, no determinate conclusions have been made. In most cases it has been proven that anxiety disorders are hereditary, thus, nearly all children who become selectively mute have family members who were afflicted with the same or more serious anxiety disorder, like obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, or social phobia. The fact that anxiety disorders pass through generations implies that brain chemistry is perhaps genetic or that serotonin levels are inherited. Other suggested causes of selective mutism have been speculated upon, however, little research has been instated. Abuse, neglect, extreme shyness, extremely embarrassing experiences like vomiting or having diarrhea in a classroom setting, or living in a home environment with exceptionally nervous parents may also lead to become selectively mute. These theorized causes tend to describe the background of children who have no similar disorders r unni... ...e Mutism Foundation, a support sight to better understand the disorder http://www.cisinternet.net/errorpages/404.shtml 3)Philadephia Page, a site with excerpts about selective mutism from the Philadelphia Inquirer https://registration.philly.com/reg/login.do?url=http://www.philly.com%2Fmld%2Finquirer%2Fliving%2Fhealth%2F3939354.htm 4)Selective Mutism UK, an interesting article about the seriousness of selective mutism http://www.selectivemutism.org/smg/ukarticle.htm 5)Anxiety-Panic Website, a site which describes several other anxiety disorders http://anxiety-panic.com/dictionary/en-dicts.htm 6)Mental Health web page, a helpful site providing several articles about selective mutism http://www.mental-health-matters.com/ 7)Anxiety Network, illustrates well the treatment available for those selectively mute http://www.anxietynetwork.com/spsm.html The Disabling Effects of Selective Mutism Essay -- Disorder Mutism Chi The Disabling Effects of Selective Mutism Among the vast range of anxiety induced disorders that exist, Selective Mutism may be the most disabling to its victims. It has been estimated that approximately one in a thousand children suffer from this presumed psychiatric ailment wherein the ability to speak is limited to the household or other areas of comfort. (2) Public places and schools elicit so much anxiety within these children that their natural capacity to speak is suppressed. Once a child under five years of age exhibits the behavior described, for over a month, and without having other speech impeding barriers affecting them such as autism or a second language, he or she will most likely be diagnosed with selective mutism. (2) Many hypotheses have been posed as to what causes selective mutism, however, no determinate conclusions have been made. In most cases it has been proven that anxiety disorders are hereditary, thus, nearly all children who become selectively mute have family members who were afflicted with the same or more serious anxiety disorder, like obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, or social phobia. The fact that anxiety disorders pass through generations implies that brain chemistry is perhaps genetic or that serotonin levels are inherited. Other suggested causes of selective mutism have been speculated upon, however, little research has been instated. Abuse, neglect, extreme shyness, extremely embarrassing experiences like vomiting or having diarrhea in a classroom setting, or living in a home environment with exceptionally nervous parents may also lead to become selectively mute. These theorized causes tend to describe the background of children who have no similar disorders r unni... ...e Mutism Foundation, a support sight to better understand the disorder http://www.cisinternet.net/errorpages/404.shtml 3)Philadephia Page, a site with excerpts about selective mutism from the Philadelphia Inquirer https://registration.philly.com/reg/login.do?url=http://www.philly.com%2Fmld%2Finquirer%2Fliving%2Fhealth%2F3939354.htm 4)Selective Mutism UK, an interesting article about the seriousness of selective mutism http://www.selectivemutism.org/smg/ukarticle.htm 5)Anxiety-Panic Website, a site which describes several other anxiety disorders http://anxiety-panic.com/dictionary/en-dicts.htm 6)Mental Health web page, a helpful site providing several articles about selective mutism http://www.mental-health-matters.com/ 7)Anxiety Network, illustrates well the treatment available for those selectively mute http://www.anxietynetwork.com/spsm.html

Intro to Macro Notes

A situation In which unlimited wants exceed the Ilmlted resources available to fulfill those wants Economics: The study of the choices people make to attain their goals, given their scarce resources. Economic Model: A simplified version of reality used to analyze real-world economic situations.Often based on unrealistic assumptions that simplify the problem at hand without substantially affecting the validity of the answer No one model can address every important topic, so we will learn diff models as we study difftopics Economic analysis may be positive or normative: Positive analysis: Analysis concerned with what is Positive statements can be evaluated as true or false using only data. For example, â€Å"After speeding cameras were Installed on 1-38, the average speed of motorists dec reased. † Normative analysis: Analysis concerned with what ought to be.Normative statemnts involve personal values, so they cannot be evaluated as true or flase using only data â€Å"the gover nemtn should install addition speeding cameras on 1-380 Economics is studied on two levels: Microeconomics: The study of how households and firms make choices, how they nteract in markets, and how the government attempts to influence their choices. Macroeconomics: The study ot the economy as a whole including topics such as Inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. Micro and macro are closely Interwlned because changes In the overall economy arise from the decisions of individual households and firms.CHAPTER 2 Trade off: The idea hat because of scarcity, producing more of one good or service means producing less of another good or service PPH A curve snowlng tne maxlmum attalnaDle comDlnatlons 0T two products tn ay be produced with available resources and current technology The PPF is an economic model used to analyze the tradeoffs that individuals firms, and countries face when deciding how to employ their scarce resources. Combinations outside the PPF are unattainable, given t he available resources and current technology (scarcity) Combinations inside or on the PPF are attainable, given current shit.Inside the PPF is ineffificent, reosuces are not being used and possible for economy to produce more of one without making more of other Comibinations of the PPF are efficient because the maximum output obtained from he available resouces are current technology so it is impossible for the economy to produce more of one good without producing less of the other(Trade ofO Oportunity cost: The highest-valued alternative that must be given up to engage in an activity Every choice has an opportunity cost because every choice has a next-best alternative In our pPF example near can use all is avaible resources and current technology to produce either 200 laptops per week or 400 tablets per week 200L=400T so 1 L=2T and IT=O. L Near's Marginal opportunity cost of 1 laptop is constant at 2 tablets, meaning that for Near to produce 1 more laptop, it must give up producin g 2 tablets; inversely, Near's marginal opportunity cost of 1 tablet is constant at one-half of a laptop, meaning that for Near to produce 1 more tablet, it must give up producing one-half of a laptop In the same example, Far can use all resources and currnet technology to produce either 220 laptops per week or 1100 tablets per week 220L=1100T, so IL-5T and IT=. 2L Fars marginal opportunity cost of 1 laptop is constant at 5 tablets, and Fars marginal opportunity cost of 1 tablet is constant at one-fifth ofa laptopA bowed-out PPF illustrates increasing marginal opportunity costs: as the economy increases it production of one good in one-unit increments, it must decrease tis production of the other good by larger and larger amounts (see page 44 of the textbook for a numerical example) I nls occurs Decause some resources are netter sultea to produce one g ratner than the other A bowed-out PPF is more realistic than a straight-line PPF but we use straight-line PPFs for simplicity (the c onclusions are the same for both) At any given time, the resources available to an economy are fixed, but over time, the esources available to an economy may increase or decrease. When an economy gains resources, its PPF shirts outward, and when an economy loses resources , its PPF shifts inward An improvement in technology makes it possible for an economy to produce more goods and services with the same amount of resources, so the economy's PPF shifts outward when technology improves. Economic Growth: The ability of the economy to increase the production of goods and services. Outward shifts of an economys PPF represent economic growth EXAMPLES: illustrate the effect of each of the following on a bowed-out PPF for corn and computers:Comparative advantage: The ability of an individual, a firm or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than competitors Near has the compartative advantage in the production of laptops: Far's marginical opportunity cost of 1 lap top is 5 tablets, while nears marginial oppurnity cost of 1 laptop is only 2 tablets. Far has the comparative advantage in the production of tablets. Near's marginal opportunity cost of 1 tablet is one-half of a laptop, while far's marginal opportunity cost of 1 tablet is only one-fifth ofa laptop. It is possitble o have the absolute advantage without having comparative advantage n production of that good (far and laptops) It is possible to have comparative advantage without having absolute advantage too. near and laptops) Gains from trade arise form specialization and trade are based on comparative advantage.

Child Abuse Cause and Effects Essay Example

Child Abuse Cause and Effects Essay Example Child Abuse Cause and Effects Essay Child Abuse Cause and Effects Essay April 20, 2009, para.1 ) . Furthermore, some kid development experts merely they define child maltreatment as any act which fails to take attention of the kids. At present the rate of kid maltreatment incidents increased quickly and go oning and each kid around the universe in malice of his /her age, sex, race and faith can fall victim for maltreatment from the aliens or from member of his/her household. Harmonizing to Child Protective Service bureaus, province in 2001 likely 3 million kids were reported as suspected victims of maltreatment and disregard. They reported that immature kids are most at hazard for being maltreatment or disregard, and 40 % of the victims are under the age of 6 old ages excessively ( Barent A ; Barnet, 1998 ) ( P1207 ) . Child maltreatment can include many types, has many causes and its affects the guiltless kids negatively and leaves deep and lasting Markss on them. Child Abuse can go on because of poorness, household emphasis, maltreatment of subst ances ( drugs, intoxicant aˆÂ ¦ ) and psychological jobs. Child maltreatments have different signifiers. It can be physical, emotional, sexual maltreatment and disregard. The maltreaters can be from household or a alien and those are selected to show their troubles or jobs on the incapacitated kids who are unable to support themselves. The effects of any types of maltreatment what of all time the cause is terrible and assorted harmonizing to the signifier of maltreatment. It can be seen on the kid, household and community. Causes of Child maltreatment There are several causes of kid maltreatment. First cause is poverty. It happens when the household does non hold the resources to supply or to run into the demand of their household members particularly kids like nutrient, proper frock, instruction aˆÂ ¦.ect. In some hapless states, figure of households tends to sail their kids to rich people and some they make them to work in really immature age or they merely leave them in forepart of any orphaned door because they are unable to run into their demand and this consider as maltreatment for them. Family as we know is considers as nucleus of safety to all kids and it is an of import sour of love and attention. Family jobs are the 2nd cause of kid maltreatment, it can be due to disassociate so the kid will be separated from the household and because of that a batch of jobs raised such as both parents inquiring for their right to take the kid. Furthermore, kid maltreatment about occurs in many households with abused parents were th ey abused before therefore they are reflecting that on their kids. Some of the parents are immature and they do nt cognize how to cover with troubles that they face when taken attention of a kid. The 3rd cause of maltreatment consequences because the maltreaters are taken substances which make them unaware of them self or others around them. Substance maltreatment is become one of the chief grounds for the increasing figure of child maltreatment around the universe. Through out different surveies it was clear that parents with history of substance maltreatment, most normally alcohol, cocaine, and diacetylmorphine, were more likely to mistreat their kids. This substance can take to developing unnatural behaviours by the maltreater either they are from household or aliens. The last cause of kid maltreatment can be psychological. Parents who do non hold a support community of close friends or relations populating nearby may experience isolated. Some of the household members who are end uring from mental upsets tend to harm the kid without cognizing Forms of kid maltreatment Child maltreatment can take different signifiers physical maltreatment, emotional maltreatment, sexual maltreatment and disregard as reference antecedently. Physical maltreatment includes scalding, crushing or terrible physical penalty and it is easy to place the dangers of physical maltreatment. Sexual maltreatment includes sexual assault, caressing of venereal countries, and exposure to indecorous Acts of the Apostless or engagement in sexual erotica in the net or in some telecasting channels. Sexual maltreaters steal from a kid their childhood. Emotional maltreatment includes verbal maltreatment and unjust unfavorable judgment, terrorising Acts of the Apostless, and deficiency of nurturance or emotional support. Child neglect can take on a figure of different signifiers. For case a kid s nutritionary demands can be ignored, ensuing in a deficient diet and, in bend, a failure to boom. This type of disregard is non needfully done intentionally and it may ensue because parents have deficiency of cognition sing a healthy diet or from poorness. Physical disregard consequences when a kid is non provided with shelter and vesture. Disregard can besides come in the signifier of unequal medical attention, deficiency of proper supervising, and deficiency of educational chances. Finally, disregard besides includes unequal emotional attention, where a kid experiences a uninterrupted deficiency of response to his or her weeping or any other behaviour in demand of a response. A UNICEF study on child well-being stated that the United States and the United Kingdom ranked lowest among industrial states with regard to the well-being of kids. This survey besides found that kid disregard and kid maltreatment are far more common in single-parent households than in households where both parents are present. The type of disregard experienced by kids can be dependent on the civilization in which kid lives. For illustration, in India 1 job still faced by many immature adult females is matrimony in little age and some clip they are still kids. Due to extreme poorness, many misss are consider as a fiscal load to their households and are in bend forced to get married in exchange for money. In some instances, immature adult females are sold. As Segal ( 2001 ) notes, under both fortunes these kids are necessarily physically abused. Based on the above kid maltreatment with its assorted signifiers and causes it has several effects excessively. It can be short, and others are lifelong so it is differ harmonizing to the badness of the maltreatment and its type. Children with a history of maltreatment are at hazard of developing psychiatric jobs. Furthermore, new research linked between exposure to child maltreatment in all its signifiers and rates of many chronic conditions that adult develops. The strongest grounds comes from the Adverse Childhood Experiences like V. J. Felitti, MD Kaiser Permanente and R. F. Anda, series of surveies which show dealingss between exposure to mistreat or pretermit and higher rates in maturity of chronic conditions, high hazard wellness behaviours and shortened unrecorded span . The effects of kid maltreatment can be divided into three classs which can be seen in the person and reflect in the community. These are Emotional effects, physical effects and behavioural. Get downing with emotional effects which include low self-esteem, depression and anxiousness, eating upsets, bad dreams ; bed wetting, troubles in edifice relationship, isolation, and personality upsets. Physical effects include life endangering hurts, decease, womb-to-tomb wellness jobs, troubles in apprehension, and physical disablements. Finally, Behavioral effects that include jobs in school the advancement of mental development, condemnable behaviour, gestation of misss in little age, self-destruction efforts, substance maltreatment, aggressive behaviour, maltreatment others and choler. The consequence of these jobs are found in the kid and so in the community as a consequence. The effects on a kid depends on the grade of the maltreatment is, the greater the maltreatment, the greater the consequence on the kid. Abused kids besides exhibit conditions like trouble in constructing up relationships with others so he/she will be isolated from community. A feeling of guilt and choler can be develop and may go maltreater him/herself subsequently in grownup phase. It is clear that kid abuse regardless of its cause leaves more than merely contusions or words ; it is a affair which needs a greatest attending since it involves the future coevals of the universe. Not merely they will endure from the physical and mental maltreatment, they suffer many long-run effects, including holds in developmental, refusal to go to school, separation from community and anxiousness upsets. Even though, kid maltreatment is still go oning and complex job with many causes, we should non construct a negative attitude toward its bar. Therefore everybody responsible in halting kid maltreatment by cut downing if non extinguishing the causes yet we feel angry at maltreater who can take away a spirit of a kid. Around the universe there are many bureaus with different plan seeking their best to halt it. This can be done by accommodating several programs for illustration: Children are an of import component in any community ; they desire a maximal love and attention should be given to them without any limitations. They are deserves a healthy, salvage childhood and the chance to turn up to usually and go lending big able to function and construct up a healthy community. We all want to protect them and steer them in the right way.

ATOC 1060 Essay Example

ATOC 1060 Essay Example ATOC 1060 Paper ATOC 1060 Paper The term albedo refers to the absorption of radiation False Without an atmosphere, the earths temperature would be a frigid -100 degrees Celsius False Over the past 400,000 years, CO2 abundances in Earths atmosphere have varied in correlation with Earths temperature True Molecules are called greenhouse gases if they Absorb infrared radiation, but are transparent to visible light. Global warming and anthropogenic climate change are terms that refer to the same environmental issue, specifically the alteration of Earths surface temperature and climate due to release of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere by human activities. T or F? True Greenhouse gases are important because they absorb visible radiation in the earths atmosphere False CO2 is the primary greenhouse gas in the earths atmosphere False As the temperature of a blackbody object increases, radiation from that object shifts to shorter wavelengths and becomes more intense Climate scientists believe that due to human activities earth is changing faster now than it has in the past. True The most abundant gas in the earths atmosphere is Nitrogen The ozone hole is a good example of a change in Earths atmosphere that is due mainly to natural causes. True The energy flux emitted by a blackbody object goes as The temperature raised to the fourth power Based on the inverse square law an object that is twice as far from the sun as the earth recieves______ as much solar flux that the earth. 1/4 The suns emission consists of primarily of infrared light, with some ultraviolet Latent heat refers to energy gained or lost when a substance such as water changes phases True The earths temperature has increase by about ___ over the last century .8 degrees C The region of the infrared spectrum between 8 microns and 13 microns is referred to as the window region because at these wavelengths CO2 and H2O are poor absorbers, so light can escape more readily to space There is a radiation deficit in the polar regions(that is less incoming solar radiation that outgoing thermal radiation) because ____? Heat is transfered poleward by circulations of the atmosphere and oceans The effect of clouds on earths radiation budget is easy to calculate quantitatively because all clouds reflect light to space, increasing the albedo False The increase in ice coverage at high latitudes with decreasing global temperatures is an example of positive feedback True 233k = ____ *C -40*C The magnitude of Earths greenhouse effect is about 33* Celsius Which of the following gases is not an important greenshouse gas? N2O Nitrous Oxide CC13F Freon 11 CH4 Methane Ar Argon H20 Water Vapor Ar Argon 273k = ___*C 0*C 300k =___*C 27*C 0k=___*C -273*C 373k=___*C 100*C What are the approximate minimum and maximum temperatures of Earths troposphere? Minimum 215 KMaximum 285 K 32*F=___*C 0*C 212*F=___*C 100*C 100*F=____*C 37.8*C High temperatures in the earths stratosphere at 50 km are due primarily to what? absorption of solar UV radiation by ozone 0*F=___*C -17.8*c 75*F=___*C 23.9*C Convection refers to what? the transport of heat by motions of a fluid (liquid or gas) The pressure of Earths atmosphere decreses/increases by a factor of what? decreases by a factor of 10 for every 16 km increase in altitude throughout most of the atmosphere For every 100 units of solar radiation incident on Earth, 30 units are reflected directly back to space, and 70 units are radiated to space as outgoing infrared radiation low thick clouds do what? reflect radiation back to space What is the actual value of incident radiation to the earths system? The solar constant at earth = 1370 W/m^2 mulitiplied by the projected are on the earth (R^2) High, thin clouds do what? trap infrared radiation near the surface Because water is a greenhouse gas, the increasing evaporation of water with warmer temperatures is an example of positive feedback on Earths surface temperature. True Pressure difference in the atmosphere are typically related to the distribution of surface temps? (T/F) True At norther mid-latitudes, even though the coriolis effect acts to turn a moving parcel of air to the right of the direction of motion an air parcel will always move directly from a region of high pressure to one of lower  pressure  in order to equalize the pressure. (T/F) False Surface air at the equator is warmer than surface air in the polar regions because the equator is closer to the sun than are the polar regions.   (T/F) False An abundance of _________, a greenhouse gas have been increasing in the atmosphere for many decades. Carbon dioxide C02 As ocean warms, sea ice will ____ As sea ice ____s, more _____ is absorbed in the ocean. This causes the warmer water.    Is this positive or negative feedback? melt, melts, sunlight Positive What is a blackbody object? One that can absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths with equal efficiency.   Does not prefer some wavelengths over others. A blackbody radiates a total energy of? T^4 Energy balance outgoing radiation = incoming radiation absorbed by earth = outgoing infrared radiation Effective radiating temperature the temperature that an object would need to be radiating at in order to be in balance with the incoming absorbed solar radiation See Fig 3.1 Earths atmosphere today Nitrogen Oxygen Argon Water Vapor Carbon dioxide * Give % by volume Nitrogen 78%Oxygen 21%Argon .9%Water Vapor .00001%Carbon Dioxide .037% Greenhouse gases Water vaporCarbon dioxideMethaneNitrous oxideozonefreon -11freon -12 What are the most important absorbers in the atmosphere Water vapor and carbon dioxide What do low, thick clouds do with radiation? get warm radiation from the thin clouds and get trapped What do high, thin clouds do with radiation? allow radiation to go through them and warms the earth For an atmosphere that is in radiative balance (incoming = outgoing), how does temperature chance with height? Add more layers, and the surface gets even warmer because the layer above it is warmed by the layer above it etc Water vapor, a greenhouse gas, represents what kind of feedback in the Earth system? positive Other than radiation, what forms of heat transfer are important in the atmosphere? convection, latent heat, and conduction Differential heating is due to what? The curvature of the earth.  -See Fig 4.1 Where does solar energy go? (Earths budget) 45 units absorbed by surface25 units absorbed by clouds and gases 25 units reflected by clouds and gases 5 units reflected by the surface Of 133 energy units absorbed by the earths surface, how many units evaporate water and how many units produce convection? 24 units evaporate water and 5 units produce convection The earth system receives 99% of its heat in the form of _____ from the sun primarily in the visible and ______ radiation, near-IR Earths surface maintains thermal balance by convection of _____ ____ _____, air carrying heat upward, by _________ __________ and by radiating the remainder upward. warm, less denseevaporating water (latent heat) Of the 104 units of energy radiated by the suface, __ units escape to space through windows in the ________ spectrum of the atmosphere 4, infrared In the tropics there is more ______ solar radiation than _______ solar radiation. incoming, outgoing = a surplus of solar radiation In the polar regions, ___ solar radiation is received than ______ radiation is emitted. less, thermal = deficit of solar radiation The earths temperature has increased about____ over the last century .8 Degrees Celcius Based on the inverse square law, an object that is twice as far from the sun as the earth receives one-fourth as much solar flux than the earth Global warming and ______________ climate change refer to the same environmental issue. That the alteration of the earths temperature and climate is due to the release of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere by human activities. Anthropogenic An albedo of 1 means what pure reflection An albedo of 0 means what pure absorption (blackbody) Over the past 400,000 years _____ abundances in earths atmosphere have varied in correlation with the earths temperature C02 molecules are called greenhouse gases if they absorb infrared radiation, but are transparent to visible light What is the primary greenhouse gas in the earths atmoshere water vapor as the temperature of a blackbody object increases, radiation from that object shifts to shorter wavelengths and become more intense what is the most abundant gas in the earths atmosphere nitrogen The energy flux emitted by a blackbody object goes as The temperature raised to the fourth power Of the 100 units of solar radiation that are incoming at the top of earths atmosphere, ____ units are absorbed by earths surface, ______ units are absorbed by the atmosphere, ____ are reflected by the atmosphere back to space, and ____ are reflected by the surface. 45,25,25,5 Of the ____ units of thermal (infrared) energy radiated by earths surface, ___ units escape directly to space and ___ units are absorbed by the atmosphere 104, 4, 100 The ice coverage at high latitudes with decreasing global temperatures is an example of ______ feedback positive The increase of temperature of the earth will cause an increase in water vapor into the earths atmosphere, increasing the albedo, and then decreasing the temperature. This is an example of what kind of feedback negative The atmosphere is composed of what units that come from the heating of the atmosphere by gases and clouds (solar energy absorbed by atmosphere), units that come from the heating of the atmosphere by the greenhouse effect, and units that are from the heating of the atmosphere due to thermals and evaporation. What are the approximate min and max temperatures of earths troposphere min 215K max 285K What would the temperature of the earth be if there wasnt an atmosphere 255K The magnitude of earths greenhouse effect is about 33* celcius for every 100 units of solar radiation incident on the earth 30 units are reflected directly back to space, and 70 units are radiated to space as outgoing infrared radiation. Pressure differences in the earths atmosphere are typically related to the distribution of surface temperatures True The region of the infrared spectrum between 8 microns and 13 microns is referred to as the window region because at these wavelengths C02 and H20 are poor absorber, so light can escape more readily to space The suns emission consists of primarily of visible and infrared light, with some ultra violet There is less incoming solar radiation than outgoing thermal radion in the polar region, causing a radiation deficit because heat is transferred poleward by circulations of the atmosphere and oceans What is the actual value of 100 units of incident radiation The solar constant at earth multiplied by the projected area of earth high temperatures in the earths stratosphere at 50 km are due primarily to absorption of solar UV radiation by ozone True How many units of thermal energy come from the greenhouse effect 88 units (note larger than the units of solar radiation that the earth absorbs from the sun) Are there more units of latent heat or convection in earths budget? latent heat (evaporation) the pressure of earths atmosphere decreases by a factor of 10 for every 16 km increase in altitude reflection albedo absorption warms object Objects that are _____ absorb better than other objects black Why is it colder at the poles? Because at the equator, it is receiving direct sunlight whereas at the poles, it is receiving indirect sunlight What does Weins law tell us about BB wavelengths Max Wavelenth = 2898/T The maximum flux that a BB can reach at a certain wavelength Area beneath the curve = sigmaT^4 = total flux Magnetic spectrum and wavelengths ____________________________ UV Visible IR UV has small, high energy wavelengths IR was large, low energy wavelengths Greenhouse gases absorb IR radiation Anthropogenic Human induced changes in the atmosphere atmosphere thin envelope of gases that surround the earth hydrosphere composed of variousreservoirsof water including ice chlorofluorocarbon CFCs, Synthetic compounds containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon. Caused the ozone hole Stratosphere Absorbs UV rays and is warmer that the atmosphere below it because of it. (Ozone) negative feedback loop diminish the effects of disturbances Positive feedback loops; amplify the effects of disturbances wavelength the distance between two adjacent crests frequency the number of crests that pass a fixed point in a second. electromagnetic spectrum wavelength:(SMLG) UVVisibleIR Energy:(HL) UVVis.IR flux the amount of energy in an electromagnetic wave that passesperpendicularlythrough a unit surface area per unit time inverse square law the rate at which the solar flux decreases with increasing distance (1/r^2) Blackbody something that emits (or absorbs) electromagnetic radiation with 100%efficiencyat all wave lengths wiens law the flux of radiation emitted by a blackbody reaches itspeakwavelengthat delta max. or (2898/T) (Sun @visible wavelength, earth @ IR) Stefan-Boltzmann Law the energy flux emitted by a blackbody (T^4) 3 most abundant gases in the atmosphere Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon 4 most abundant greenhouse gases water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, are nitrous oxide convection a process in which heat energy is transported by themotionsof a fluid (boiling water) conduction the transfer of heat energy by direct contact between molecules Latent Heat the heat energyreleasedor absorbed during thetransitionfrom one phase to another Cirrus Clouds High level clouds that trap in heat Stratus clouds low level thick clouds that reflect incoming radiation back out into space Of 100 units of incoming solar radiation approx. how many are absorbed by earths surface? 45 or about half Air moves over earths surfaces because there are ___________ differences in pressure. Air also moves __________ because it is either forced to move mechanically or because there are changes in _________. horizontally, vertically, buoyancy Warmer air has a lower/higher density than cooler air lower Air tends to move from an area of ____ pressure, to an area of _____ pressure, until the two pressures are equalized. higher, lower If an air mass is heated until its density is lower than that of its surrounds, the lower-density air will rise. This phenomenon is a form of _________ Convection If an air mass is cooled until its density is higher than that of the underlying air, it will sink. This is referred to as ________ subsidence The incoming solar energy varies with _____ and with ______ whereas the outgoing terrestrial radiation depends on the temperature of the surface an atmosphere at each location. latitude, season The maximum solar absorption is found in the ____ and the available solar energy decreases rapidly as we move toward the _____ tropics, poles The tropic air near the surface rises, creating a ___-pressure region low The merging of air masses that are moving inward toward a low-pressure region is called _____. The air masses that meet at the tropics and rise make up the _________________ convergence, Intertropical convergence zone The air that rises in the ITCZ is forced to diverge _________ poleward divergence refers to the movement of air outward from a region in the atmosphere The poleward moving air subsides at about ___ N and ____ S, replacing air that is moving equatorward at the surface 30,30 At 30* N and 30* S, the air warms as it sinks, which prevents ______ and _____ from forming. condensation, clouds

Rehabilitation Of Autistic Children Children And Young People Essay Essay Example

Rehabilitation Of Autistic Children Children And Young People Essay Essay Example Rehabilitation Of Autistic Children Children And Young People Essay Essay Rehabilitation Of Autistic Children Children And Young People Essay Essay a qualified Particular Educator with 6+ old ages of experience in the field. Soon the Centre has 55 pupils trained by 10 qualified particular instruction and rehabilitation professionals and 6 teacher-aides, 2 voluntary professionals, 2 teacher-aides, 3 health professionals, 6 educational voluntaries, and 2 attenders. The Centre besides provides practical preparation to Teacher-trainees of the Particular Education plan on Autism, conducted by KPAMRC, Bangalore [ 12 ] . The assorted activities carried out by Apoorva Centre for Autism are as follows: It caters to the educational wing utilizing rules of ABA and TEACCH. The age group benefited is 3 old ages to 18yrs. Children with ASD of 15 old ages and above are imparted pre-vocational preparation and steps are taken to place the suited careers for them. Post the vocational preparation the pupils are suggested available sheltered workshops that enrol them. Others who prefer organic agriculture preparation are sent to the yoga instructor s farm for 2 twelvemonth preparation. Post the 2years, based on their public presentation they would either be suggested extra preparation or apprenticeship and lasting employment thenceforth with the neurotypical grownup husbandmans in an inclusive work atmosphere. The tools used for communications are PECS ( Picture Exchange Communication System ) . Drama and Yoga therapy are a portion of the course of study excessively. Some of the parents have besides opted for the bio-medical intercession and some have discontinued it due to assorted grounds. The Centre besides caters to pupils who are badly affected by autism with other co-morbidities including intellectual paralysis, profound mental deceleration and ictus upsets. These kids are given developing in ego attention and assist them, maintain their day-to-day life accomplishments. A twosome of kids who have been asked to travel out from the regular schools due to terrible behavioral issues are being trained towards the National Open School system ( NIOS ) with regular school course of study and text books. All these plans happen across the 3 premises which are located in JP Nagar, Jayanagar and near Bannerghatta National Park. Each premiss caters to specific demands but they all meet one time in 6 months. All the installations are twenty-four hours attention Centres. The Pull offing Trust is taking towards a reprieve attention and a residential place or a community populating maintaining in head the state of affairs that would originate when the parents and health professionals are no longer present. The function of Mrs. Nithya S. is to assist program activities and educational/vocational plans for the kids and develop the pedagogues and health professionals. Apoorva Centre for Autism Lions Club of Sarakki Premises, 21st chief, 1st Cross, Marenahalli, JP Nagar 2nd Phase, Bangalore-78 Telephone: 08065710445 Electronic mail: apoorva @ SAIautismcenter.org The LOTUS Foundation Activities that are used in the rehabilitation of autistic kids include supplication, external respiration and speculation, motion therapy, music therapy, kitchen nine, occupational therapy, art and picture therapy, H2O therapy, drama therapy, societal therapy, communicating therapy and nature nine. Each therapy has its topographic point, clip and agenda in the twenty-four hours. Each is designed for every particular kid to mend specific challenges faced. As in any other thing, attending has to be paid to the measure and the quality of the therapy delivered. If under done or over done the same therapy could be counterproductive. The societal challenges faced by autistic kids are: The kid goes through immense accommodation challenges in his/her organic structure, thought procedures and emotions. It is hard for the kid, every bit good as his/her health professionals to suit into the model that society provides. The community and committed professionals need to widen themselves to back up the kid and his immediate household. Simultaneously work has to be done to change the current model to ease integrating of these persons into society. These kids have trouble with communicating and are easy led to defeats and aggressions that form a barrier to them being included. Opening out the communicating lines, ask foring more and more people to understand them and learning them self-regulation in pull offing their emotions and open behavior will travel a long manner to assist incorporate these kids. Educating the people in his environment suitably along with developing the kid to pass on efficaciously will organize the anchor of get the better ofing this trouble. The physical-sensorial demands of our kids do them to expose upseting obvious behaviors such as rocking, walking, whirling and shouting that can frighten away others and drive the kids with autism to remain off from the mainstream. Giving appropriate sensory inputs and at the same time turn toing diet, rhythm and sleep will greatly cut down the emphasis and ease the kid in go oning to take part in society. Queerly, the equals and friends are really tolerant and understanding, but the grownups instructors and parents have trouble in admiting and accepting the autistic in mainstream environment. The media s duty is in taking the facts and showing it to the common adult male in a manner that he will understand. Our petition is non to dramatise and do these as tragic narratives. The other side of the coin is that we do hold tolerant and sensitive people who welcome such kids. Whatever said and done, it is difficult to stay impersonal when faced with such a deep inquiry posed by our kids through their sheer presence. We observed that diagnosing of people in the Autism Spectrum Disorder has increased. 1 in 88 kids born today are diagnosed to be on the spectrum from really mild to extremely complicated. In the kingdom of inclusion , we provide services to efficaciously include the persons with particular demands in the chief watercourse regular school environment. We train and organise workshops for regular school instructors and helpers who are involved in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours classroom direction of persons with particular demands in inclusive scenes. The Lotus Foundation C22, Palm grove Flats, 9th Cross Street, Besant Nagar 600 090 Telephone: +91 44 24919802 Electronic mail: A nandini @ lotusfoundation.in V-Excel Educational Trust Help the kids become more comfy with their organic structures, overcome sensory issues to an extent that they are able to concentrate in category, travel out with teachers/parents, be happy and content at place. With this slowly emerging, the kids learn to show, talk and their will, to larn lessons and work at activities. This is done by: Medical Work: A Following the biomedical diet ( gluten free, casein free ) and a rigorous beat ( guaranting repasts are eaten at the right clip and kids get adequate slumber ) Course of study: A Following the Rudolf Steiner s doctrine, on taking attention of kids with particular demands. Knowing what lessons, motions, vocals, colorss, or work is to be introduced to kids ( woodworking, cookery, building, agriculture, basket devising, gold braid, and sewing ) at a peculiar age. In supplying the right input at the right age, the interior force of the kid is strengthened. The gait depends upon the group of kids, and the instructor goes as fast or every bit slow as the kids require. Lots of infinite is given for the kids to reflect, express, experience each portion of their twenty-four hours. A batch of freedom is given to the kids, but boundaries are really clear and house, so the kids feel safe. Bing Supported: A As it requires a batch from instructors and kids to work with kids with particular demands, aid is ever needed. Teachers and parents work together in seeking to understand and back up the kid. Teachers and parents are supported by the Healing Departments External Therapy and Counselling, so that they are looked after, and strengthened plenty to honor their committedness. The Doctrine: A The school tallies, such that the kid is at the Centre and everyone works together, understands each other, and learns to back up each other so that the kid may mend. Besides, in each human being there lies something that needs healing/understanding/attention. In turn toing this, the whole community coming together around the kid gets healed. With every inquiry that the kid airss, we look deep in ourselves for the reply. Not so much to state, How can I repair this job? but more on the lines of Why is this job coming up? , Why is it coming to me? , Where is it coming from? , How am I making this job? , Is at that place something in me that must alter? In making this you become more witting, as a human being, and more interested in other human existences. Relationship and people become an of import portion of your work.A Age Appropriateness: A We have learnt that largely in footings of their intelligence, the kids are age appropriate. However, when it comes to reading, composing, working making something with their custodies, they lag behind a few old ages. So kids in Grade Five still write at Kindergarten Level, but the course of study finds a manner to equilibrate that. They are treated their age, but the outlooks from them change harmonizing to how much their organic structure can follow. This is non a physical disablement but more a affair of involvement and will to pattern. Their weak countries are worked on slowly and given clip a batch of accent on motion and working with the custodies, pess and organic structure. The procedure is non a speedy hole or an immediate solution. It takes clip, forbearance and requires finding and difficult work to maintain working even if you keep neglecting. Social Challenges: The biggest societal challenge is acceptance. The kids are non understood, so the kids are non accepted. And non-acceptance causes a batch of hurting for the kids and people assisting the kids. The other societal challenges are covering with the computing machine age computing machines, music systems, etc. do a break in the comfort degree of all human existences, but particularly kids with autism as they are really sensitive. Electromagnetic moving ridges from electronic media do non assist in mending the kids. Statisticss: The school serves 75 kids out of which 40 45 are kids with autism. At Kindergarten and Grade Four the kids are kept longer than a twelvemonth as they are important phases of alteration and growing for the kid which require more sensitiveness, more work, and more clip. Now, there are kids from Kindergarten to Grade Five, and besides a Pre Vocational Section ( 75 kids ) . They have an early intercession plan. The donees of this undertaking are kids who have already developed, or at hazard of developing, either a handicapping status or some other particular demand that may impact their overall development. This includes kids with Autism, Mental Retardation, Attention Deficit Disorders, Delayed Milestones, and Learning Disabilities like Dyslexia etc. They basically work on clip edge plans geared towards early societal inclusion of kids. This is attempted through one-on-one remedial intercession, centripetal integrating therapy, and a well-planned sensory diet. They have had sensible success with instances of: Behavioral Regulatory Problems Arousal, attending, affect, fond regard, temper, ordinance of slumber and feeding. Musculo Skeletal Impairments Deformities, strength, endurance Neuro-Muscular Impairments Tone, coordination, gross and all right control, motor planning, balance Centripetal Processing Difficulties Tactile, vestibular, ocular, audile, olfactive Functional Impairments Eating, mobility, self attention, occupational Cognitive Impairments Attachment, interaction, communicating, ocular perceptual experience, memory, sequencing, safety consciousness, executive map Self-help accomplishments Eating, dressing, preparing, composing, societal accomplishments and countries of day-to-day life V-Excel Center for Research and Rehabilitation ( In association with Esvi Sarada Foundation ) 50 Sreyes, M.G. Road, Shastri Nagar, Chennai 600 041 Telephone: 91-44-24522061/24521986 Electronic mail: info @ v-excel.org Shristi Special Academy Shristi Special Academy is a registered charitable organisation dedicated to the authorization of intellectually and physically deprived persons. It was founded in 1995 by Suchita Somashekaraiah, Sharon Watts and Meena Jain. A multidisciplinary squad of specializers are employed to carry on intercession programmes and to advance independency and autonomy amongst those with a scope of disablements. The autism unit focuses on the appraisal and intercessions of local kids diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorders and presently reach over 30 childs. The course of study includes academic instructions, societal accomplishments work and vocational preparation. The Academy has a dedicated squad who work with people from all ages, from babies to grownups. Shristi Special Academy 13/1, 9th G Main, Byraveshwarnagar, Moodalapalya, Bangalore 560072 Telephone: +91 ( 0 ) 80 2318 0318, +91 ( 0 ) 80 2318 0186 Action for Autism Action For Autism was started in 1991 to supply support services to autistic persons and their households in India, so that people with autism are able to turn to their full potency. They provide support and services to individuals with autism and work through direct services, protagonism and research in order to better lives of autistic kids and their households. Action For Autism besides assists other states in South Asia to accomplish legal acknowledgment of autism and develop services for kids and households. They offer clinical services and intercession plans, and besides have assorted active divisions for preparations, publications, research and protagonism. Action For Autism is involved in assorted intercession plans such as: Parent kid early intercession plans The unfastened door twenty-four hours school Adhaar vocational Centre On-the-job preparation programme for work behaviors Educational intercession programme The bubble category: Social accomplishments developing plan Handwriting programme Inclusive avocation categories Occupational and Sensory intercession They besides have different appraisal programmes such as: Diagnostic Appraisals Functional Assess Occupational and Sensory Appraisals AFA offers an eclectic mix of behavior based methods and structured instruction. Elementss of TEACCH, Applied behavior Analysis ( ABA ) , Verbal Behaviour Analysis ( VBA ) , assorted signifiers of Assisted and Augmentative Communication ( AAC ) including Picture Exchange Communication Systems ( PECS ) are a portion of the methods used [ 14 ] . Action for Autism Pocket 7 A ; 8, JasolaVihar, New Delhi 110025 Telephone: 91-11-65347422, 91-11-40540991, 91-11-40540992 E mail: actionforautism @ gmail.com Decision The current survey of rehabilitative techniques has shown that the rate at which the thoughts such as SCERTS, DIR and TEACCH are deriving popularity is really high. Many foundations in India are efficaciously utilizing these techniques, possibly with some alterations of their ain ; to successfully rehabilitate their wards and to assist them go active in their societal and emotional care. The addition in figure of foundations besides show the increased consciousness about upsets such as autism, which were one time extremely stigmatised. These foundations besides play a critical function in assisting these kids get accepted into the mainstream. This is conclusive that India is fast nearing the phase where autistic kids can be successfully rehabilitated and included into mainstream society.

ART110 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ART110 - Essay Example Contour lines are predominantly used as well in the painting to add to the visual effect of the real images of the clouds, the tigers and lions as well as the hunters. Short broken lines gave realization to the texture of the horse’s mane and tail, the lions’ and tiger’s hair and claws as well as the hunter’s clothes and bodies. The blend of primary colors created just the right hues to bring real pigments to the animals and men. The saturation of colors on the gray horse’s mane brings a bright effect reflecting the additive light’s natural influence on the artwork in contrast to the dull colors created in the middle and bottom part of the painting. The illusionistic three dimensional space presented in the painting add color and action to the drama between the animals and hunters, giving it a seemingly photographed picture of real events. The proportion of the images is realistic as well. Reference Kleiner, Fred S. Gardner’s Art Throu gh the Ages: A Concise History of Western Art (2nd Edition). USA: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print

Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamentals of Macroeconomics - Essay Example GDP is mainly applied in determining the stability of a country’s economy. Calculations of gross domestic product are commonly done using the expenditure method, which adds total consumption, investment, government spending and net exports (Dolan, 2010). Real gross domestic product refers to gross domestic product evaluated based on the prevailing market prices in a given year. Real GDP can also be regarded as inflation corrected gross domestic product. Real GDP has the capability to indicate changes in the price level with a high accuracy compared to nominal gross domestic product (Dolan, 2010). This refers to the gross domestic product figure that has not received any adjustments on inflation. It is also the value of services as well as goods produced in a given country after the final stage of production. Increased purchase of groceries by households is a clear indicator of their improved economic status. This fact enhances growth of existing businesses as well as the emergence of new investments. In such a situation, the government benefits from increased tax collections obtained from value added tax and taxation from investments (Dolan, 2010). This refers to the reduction of the number of people under employment in a given country. The implications of undertaking such a step include negative impacts on the government, households, and businesses. Massive layoff of employees means that a large number of people within a country will have a reduced purchasing power. In such situations, household living standards will come down; businesses will close down due to low purchases, and government’s revenue collection will go down. Economically stable citizens within a country comprise a key pillar of a country’s economy (Dolan, 2010). Revenues generated from taxation are the principal financers of the government budget. Therefore, a decrease in taxes implies that the government will strain in meeting its expenditures. On the other

Read the assigned readings and answer questions regarding gram stain Essay

Read the assigned readings and answer questions regarding gram stain and lab safety - Essay Example Clothes on fire should be dropped or the person should roll to smother the flames. At the eye wash station your partner should your eyes wide open on a running water. I will incorporate the above safety precautions in my laboratory by ensuring that their posters with guidelines and instruction at every working area in the laboratory. I may also take some time to address my lab mates on safety precautions. A technician may use   physical state  , chemical composition, and purpose, functional type as made to differentiate different bacteria. Physical state media involve the use of non reactive physical substances such as water to nature the bacterias. Chemical reagents may also be used as in the case of chemical media. Microbiologists have many types of media at their disposal. The purpose / functional type may be employed as in a complex bacteria case. One should always have a protective gear, should wear proper clothes, one should care about his hygiene by not bringing food into the room, one should always consider all the materials he or is handling to be harmful. They should also know fire exits and fire drill procedures so that in case of fire the escape, be familiar with all lab process before carrying out any exercise this because some processes are too dangerous, lastly they should keep the working area clutter free and clean to enable easy access to all equipments hey need and also to avoid more injuries in case of an accident. One is not supposed to smell, touch or taste chemicals they may have negative effects on the persons health, youre not supposed to do experiments on your own because a mixture of chemicals may be explosive, never eat in the lab because the food may get contaminated with the chemicals and never add water into an acid this is because it will react explosively. The gram stain procedure distinguishes between gram positive and gram negative groups by coloring the cells red or

Top ten recommendations and justification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Top ten recommendations and justification - Essay Example More than 120 gallons of paint should not be stored in any one storage cabinet. More than three such cabinets shall not be kept in a single storage area. Such storage is against security norms; such storage will make rescue operations difficult. 5. Quantities in excess of this shall be stored in an inside storage room. Containers over 30 gallons capacity shall not be stacked one upon the other. This may lead to damage to the containers and spilling of paint. 6. Within 200 feet of each pile of containers, there shall be a 12-foot-wide access way to permit approach of fire control apparatus. This is necessary for agile and easy execution of fire control operations. 9. Materials which will create fire when they react with water shall not be stored in the rooms where paint is stored. Water is so commonplace a substance that it may be casually and carelessly handled by people, thus reacting with such substances and causing fire hazard. 10. Electrical wiring and equipment located in storage rooms shall be approved for ‘Class I, Division 1, Hazardous Locations’. This is elementary guard against short circuits that may lead to fire

Reasons behind Nursing as Career Choice Dissertation

Reasons behind Nursing as Career Choice - Dissertation Example From this dissertation it is clear that recruiting general nurses, especially in the United States and Europe, has undergone considerable decline over the years. Such possible loss of entrants to the profession of nursing, along with the increased rates of attrition, has brought about issues among stakeholders such as occurrences wherein the supply of nurses is insufficient for meeting health demands. The increasing life expectancy along with the rising number of patients who are experiencing acute and chronic health conditions emphasize the need for an increase in nursing staff members. However, certain issues have been identified in human resources. According to reports, there have been challenges in nurse recruitment and the filling up of nursing positions at hospitals. For instance, in 2000, there was a shortage of an estimate of 110,700 registered nurses as reported by the Ministry of Health in the US. In addition, it was reported by Buerhaus, Staiger, and Auerbach that the shor tfall of registered nurses in the country is likely to reach up to 500,000 by the year 2025. Other countries, including Australia and the United Kingdom, have experienced nurse shortages as well. Numerous studies, such as that of Grainger and Bolan have explored the significance of recruiting nursing students as well as the need to address the issues that come with such procedure. Therefore, it has been asserted that a more thorough and organised procedure for selection can help recruit motivated students and reduce the possibilities for nursing students to not continue with a nursing career. For effective recruitment to be carried out, there is a need to look into the reasons as to why individuals prefer nursing as their career; furthermore, the factors that influence such reasons should be identified as well (Brodie et al., 2004). Such information can not only provide guidance to the content recruitment campaigns and improve their reliability; knowing such reasons may also have a positive impact on the rates of attrition from nursing programs which can consequently present implications for workforce planning (Seago et al., 2006). It has appeared that the society and the media have had significant influence on individuals selecting nursing as their career choice as well as on the recruitment of students to the nursing profession. A number of studies have suggested that applicants have been interested in the positive reputation of a nursing career (Rheaume, Woodside, Gautreau, and Di Tommaso, 2003). On

Political Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Islam - Essay Example As a consequence, the only recourse left to a woman was to be a wife or a whore1. Whether this is an overstatement largely remains to the interpretation of an individual differently. Nevertheless, there is one thing for sure that many arguments propounded by men will be filled by biases and stereotyping. Paradoxically, the society we live in has come to agree with some of these fallacies conceived about women. Ironically, most people normally find solution in religion but Islam as a dominant religion offers so little protection for the woman. Qasim wonders why the same men would go such a long way to demean women. He observes that although men tend to discriminate against women based on their ignorance2, their mothers, wives, sisters, and daughters are not included in the same category. Qasim goes on to ponder whether a man’s happiness can be complete without women. Qasim also notes that out of their ego, men deprive themselves of the greatest delight in the world3 Scholars se em to have noticed that the most affected person is a woman who confesses Islam as faith. It should be noted that Islam has only been used here as an example but not as to attack its dogma. Mahfouz notes in the book Palace Walk, the plight of women especially under brutal and irresponsible husband. According to Mahfouz, husbands have failed to play their roles as husbands and consequently left women at the temptation of developing bad habit to supplement the missing part of their married life. Mahfouz notes on the very first page how women would do anything just to keep their men happy. The first victim of abuse Mahfouz presents is Amina. Amina has no alarm clock to wake her up at midnight to wait for her husbands return. She has a duty to welcome back her husband who allegedly goes for evening entertainment every evening4. It is past midnight and as a good wife, Amina struggles to keep awake so that after she has served her husband food she can go to bed. On personal qualities, Mah fouz presents Amina as a beautiful and obedient woman. She was married at the age of fourteen, implying that her education came abruptly to an end. Nonetheless, one cannot fail to notice that Amina was a bright woman. Her effort to try and correct her husband had not been taken kindly. The first time Amina had objected to her husbands night outs, his response had been to seize him by the ears and yell at her that he was the master. He had said, â€Å"I am a man. I am the one who commands and forbids. I will not accept any criticism of my behavior. All I will ask of you is to obey me. Don’t force me to discipline you.†5 Since then, Amina had opted to leave that issue unaddressed. However, for how long was she going to assume that all is well when her husband induced that through fear and a show of power? In fact, Amina became convinced that true manliness, tyranny, and staying out until midnight were common characteristics of single entity. Like most women whose rights were annexed by their men, Amina was already between the devil and the deep sea. Mahfouz has portrayed Jalila the vocalist as irresistible. She easily goes with different men at different times, a perfect picture of beauty who was herself a victim of tyranny of manliness. It is ironical that even Sultana attends the performances, which were in many cases characterized by immorality. For Jalila, it was business as usual as long as the fire was burning. It is

Top ten recommendations and justification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Top ten recommendations and justification - Essay Example More than 120 gallons of paint should not be stored in any one storage cabinet. More than three such cabinets shall not be kept in a single storage area. Such storage is against security norms; such storage will make rescue operations difficult. 5. Quantities in excess of this shall be stored in an inside storage room. Containers over 30 gallons capacity shall not be stacked one upon the other. This may lead to damage to the containers and spilling of paint. 6. Within 200 feet of each pile of containers, there shall be a 12-foot-wide access way to permit approach of fire control apparatus. This is necessary for agile and easy execution of fire control operations. 9. Materials which will create fire when they react with water shall not be stored in the rooms where paint is stored. Water is so commonplace a substance that it may be casually and carelessly handled by people, thus reacting with such substances and causing fire hazard. 10. Electrical wiring and equipment located in storage rooms shall be approved for ‘Class I, Division 1, Hazardous Locations’. This is elementary guard against short circuits that may lead to fire

Political Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Islam - Essay Example As a consequence, the only recourse left to a woman was to be a wife or a whore1. Whether this is an overstatement largely remains to the interpretation of an individual differently. Nevertheless, there is one thing for sure that many arguments propounded by men will be filled by biases and stereotyping. Paradoxically, the society we live in has come to agree with some of these fallacies conceived about women. Ironically, most people normally find solution in religion but Islam as a dominant religion offers so little protection for the woman. Qasim wonders why the same men would go such a long way to demean women. He observes that although men tend to discriminate against women based on their ignorance2, their mothers, wives, sisters, and daughters are not included in the same category. Qasim goes on to ponder whether a man’s happiness can be complete without women. Qasim also notes that out of their ego, men deprive themselves of the greatest delight in the world3 Scholars se em to have noticed that the most affected person is a woman who confesses Islam as faith. It should be noted that Islam has only been used here as an example but not as to attack its dogma. Mahfouz notes in the book Palace Walk, the plight of women especially under brutal and irresponsible husband. According to Mahfouz, husbands have failed to play their roles as husbands and consequently left women at the temptation of developing bad habit to supplement the missing part of their married life. Mahfouz notes on the very first page how women would do anything just to keep their men happy. The first victim of abuse Mahfouz presents is Amina. Amina has no alarm clock to wake her up at midnight to wait for her husbands return. She has a duty to welcome back her husband who allegedly goes for evening entertainment every evening4. It is past midnight and as a good wife, Amina struggles to keep awake so that after she has served her husband food she can go to bed. On personal qualities, Mah fouz presents Amina as a beautiful and obedient woman. She was married at the age of fourteen, implying that her education came abruptly to an end. Nonetheless, one cannot fail to notice that Amina was a bright woman. Her effort to try and correct her husband had not been taken kindly. The first time Amina had objected to her husbands night outs, his response had been to seize him by the ears and yell at her that he was the master. He had said, â€Å"I am a man. I am the one who commands and forbids. I will not accept any criticism of my behavior. All I will ask of you is to obey me. Don’t force me to discipline you.†5 Since then, Amina had opted to leave that issue unaddressed. However, for how long was she going to assume that all is well when her husband induced that through fear and a show of power? In fact, Amina became convinced that true manliness, tyranny, and staying out until midnight were common characteristics of single entity. Like most women whose rights were annexed by their men, Amina was already between the devil and the deep sea. Mahfouz has portrayed Jalila the vocalist as irresistible. She easily goes with different men at different times, a perfect picture of beauty who was herself a victim of tyranny of manliness. It is ironical that even Sultana attends the performances, which were in many cases characterized by immorality. For Jalila, it was business as usual as long as the fire was burning. It is

Pedro Paramo Essay Example for Free

Pedro Paramo Essay The novel Pedro Paramo is about a young man who loses his mother and decides to take a journey to a ghost town called Comala to find his father, but instead dies of fear and finds out his father is dead. A central theme that runs through Juan Rulfo’s Pedro Paramo is the nature of hope and despair in a person’s life, which Rulfo demonstrates by Pedro Paramo’s love for Susana, Juan Preciado’s journey to Comala for his father, and Susana San Juan’s desire for her deceased husband. Rulfo exhibits Pedro Paramo’s hope for a future with Susana as a sometimes- ositive nature followed by the negative nature of despair he experiences from her demise. Pedro talks about how he has hoped Susana would return to him after many years of being gone since they were children: â€Å"I waited thirty years for you to return, Susana. I wanted to have it all. Not just part of it, but everything there was to have, to the point that there would be nothing left for us to want, no desire but your wishes† (Rulfo 82). Pedro has been persistent about Susana’s return after a long thirty years. He has loved for Susana since their childhood when they flew kites together, and thinks she will come to ove him upon her return. He went through all the trouble to gain power and land out of the hope that Susana would return and he could meet any request she wished. Pedro is talking to Don Fulgor about the plan to get rid of Susana’s father Bartolome San Juan: â€Å"We need it to be so. She must be left without family. We’re called on to look after those in need. You agree with that, don’t you† (Rolfo 85)? Pedro still hopes that Susana will realize she needs to return to him and come to love him. He believes that it will be easier for her to realize this once Don Fulgor as an order kills her father in the mines. Once he is alone with Susana he plans to comfort her now that her father is not with her or a distraction anymore. Pedro is miserable because Susana has just died: â€Å"I will cross my arms and Comala will die of hunger. † (Rulfo 117) Pedro is mainly portrayed as a selfish man, but not when it comes to Susana. According to Dorotea Pedro really did love Susana and wanted the best for her. When she died he lost it, he plummeted into depression and did not speak to anyone, because Susana meant the most to him. He promised vengeance on the town of Comala for not caring enough about Susana’s death. He choose to sit down and watch Comala collapse, because no money would circulate through the town since he owned all of it. The character Juan is like Pedro because he based his choice to go on a journey on a ray of hope only to fall into the shadows of despair. Rulfo displays Juan Preciado’s search for his father in Comala is based on hope of finding answers to his questions about his father, but is greeted with melancholy news. Juan’s mother Doloritas has just died and she had asked him to go to Comala and make Pedro pay them back for not being there to be a husband or father: â€Å"But before I knew it y head began to swim with dreams and my imagination took flight. Little by Little I began to build a world around a hope centered of the man called Pedro Paramo, the man who had been my mother’s husband. That was why I had come to Comala† (Rulfo 3). Juan’s mother wanted him to go to Comala to get what he deserves from Pedro and receive payback, but Juan quickly changed his mind about why he was going to Comala. Juan has never seen his father so he is quite ecstatic to see who Pedro is and what he looks like. Juan hopes that he will arrive in Comala to find his father Pedro and start a ew life for himself, and that they will develop a father and son relationship. Juan has received some disappointing information about his father from Abundio: â€Å"You were mistaken about the house. You told me the wrong place. You sent me ‘south of nowhere,’ to an abandoned village. Looking for someone who’s no longer alive† (Rulfo 8). Juan is speaking to his mother aloud out of anger about why she sent him to a ghost town to look for someone who is not alive anymore. Abundio had told Juan that Pedro was dead and that he represented ‘living bile’ to him. Juan has been stripped of any hope he had about is plans to find his father Pedro and answer any questions. Juan is dead and is in a coffin talking with Dorotea: â€Å"You’d have done better to stay home. Why did you come here? I told you that at the very beginning. I came her to find Pedro Paramo, who they say was my father. Hope brought me here† (Rulfo 60). Juan reminds Dorotea that he came to Comala to find his father mainly because he had hope. It is tragic how Juan dies out of fear and without any hope but sorrow. Juan died with despair knowing that his father Pedro was a horrible man and a dead man. Juan has lost his own life and everyone close o him, just like Susana who has lost her lover and father only to loose her own life shortly after. Rulfo demonstrates that Susana San Juan hopes to reunite with her deceased husband due to her craziness, and that once she figures out he is dead she does not know how to live without him. Susana is in her home dreaming about her deceased husband Florencio: â€Å"And what I want is his body. Naked and hot with love; boiling with desire; stroking my trembling breast and arms. My transparent body suspended from his. My lustful body held and released by his strength† (Rulfo 100-101). Upon her return to Pedro Susana persistently hopes that her dead husband will return to her. She believes this because she was driven crazy by a series of grave robbing’s with her father at a young age. She hopes for his return so much that she often has intense dreams with detailed memories of her lover. Susana is in her bed thinking about her dream she just had: â€Å"What shall I do now with my lips without his lips to cover them? What shall become of my poor lips† (Rulfo 101)? Susana has now realized that her deceased husband Florencio will never come back to life. She has suddenly lost all of her hope and is now filled with espair and fear of what will come. She never plans on being with Pedro and worries about what will happen to her lips since her deceased husband is the only one she wanted kissing her lips. Pedro is thinking about Susana in his thoughts while she is sleeping: â€Å"But what world was Susana San Juan living in? That was one of the things Pedro Paramo would never know† (Rulfo 95). Susana might live in the normal world but does not act like it, because she has crazy thoughts and dreams. Pedro will never know what is going on with Susana. She is always thinking about her dead husband because she lives in denial and is on Fantasy Island. The novel Pedro Paramo was about a young man who lost his mother and decided to take a journey to a ghost town called Comala to find his father, but instead died of fear and found out his father was dead. Juan Rulfo used the concept of the nature of hope and despair in a person’s life as a central theme for Pedro Paramo, and demonstrated it by using Pedro Paramo’s love for Susana, Juan Preciado’s journey to Comala for his father, and Susana San Juan’s desire for her past husband. Rulfo’s novel Pedro Paramo is an insightful source of how quickly a person’s hope can be taken and turned into despair.

Working in groups vs Individually

Working in groups vs Individually In this essay various aspects of working in a group vs. working individually will be discussed. The idea here will be to study the pros and cons with relation to the particular individual and not to the group of which he is a part. First we will try to understand the dynamics of working in a group vis a vis individual, then understand the various issues involved in working as a part of the group. We would also see as to how those issues will be influencing the person, be it in the positive side or being a hindrance and also support the argument by stating prior personal experiences. Introduction:- Remember last time when you had to do a project, how did you go about doing it? You must have contemplated doing it by many ways. But some thing that comes to mind at the beginning is either individually or in a group. Every body by de facto knows what it is to be individual and perform a task individually, as he is the only person who is doing the task. But what is group and how it is formed and what are the dynamics involved in it is something we are about to discuss below. So what is a group, it may be defined as a collection of several people who come together to do a particular task or goal. And the group dynamics refer to the characteristic of a group behavior and attitude. The basic concern of group dynamics is about the structure formation and functions of the group. In any organization groups are very common entity and hence their dynamics and deep understanding of the group is important in organisational behavior (Kirschner 2009). Group dynamics basically deals with why and how groups are formed and developed. In order to explain the same many theories have been proposed. One classic theory developed by George Homans (1961), states that all groups are basically functioning of their activities, interactions and sentiments. And all the group theories professes that when individual persons share common activities, they get interactions among them and will develop either positive or negative attitudes towards each other. The groups can also be of va rious types based on how and why they are formed, that is basically we may put them in two categories like Formal and Informal groups. Formal Groups are formed to achieve specific organizational requirements such as a command group, tasks group, or functional groups. Where as the informal groups are formed by association of members based on their own interest or social activities. More or less the informal groups are involuntary associations (Mullins 2002). Coming to the main issue of whether or not working in the group is going to be beneficial or not to us will be depending largely on the group structure, which is nothing but the relationships among the members that help and hold the group together in achieving the assigned goals. The structure of the group can be defined in a many ways; common among them would be to take reference to their Size, Norms, Roles And Cohesiveness. Group Size:- A group can be of any size ranging from two persons to a collection of large people, however small groups of size 2 to 10 are considered more efficient in their job performance as it allows active and positive interactions between the groups and also has least chance of negative synergy. Usually large groups involve a lot of confusion and chaos leading to waste of time in deciding which process to be done and who should be doing it. The group size thus not only affects the group participation but also effects the satisfaction of the members. Group Roles:- In case of formal groups the roles and functions of the group members are all assigned as per pre-plan, in which each role will have specific duties and responsibilities to perform. Even though these are predetermined, some times new kind of roles also emerge in between and then it needs to be created and assigned to the already existing roles of the members. And these new roles often will be replacing the existing roles of the members who will be starting to be more assertive and start expressing themselves (Schwarzer 2007). Group Norms:- Mullins (2002) defined A group norm is an assumption or expectation held by group members concerning what kind of behaviour is right or wrong, good or bad, allowed or not allowed, and appropriate or not appropriate. They are the common behavioral patterns which are exhibited by all the members of the group. The basic reason behind the creation of these norms is to facilitate the group survival, and to make the group behavior more predictable and organized. Group Cohesiveness:- The Social interaction is a very common and natural human behaviour. The aspect of group cohesiveness reflects how badly the members of the group want to be together and the bond that exists among them. The amount of group cohesiveness is determined by a lot of factors. By normal conviction, the more difficult to be a group member, the more cohesive that group is considered to be. One more reason when a group tends to get more cohesive is when they are in tense competition from other groups or may be some external threat to their own survival. The basic thumb rule is the groups which are in small size and those which spend more time together tend to be more cohesive. The cohesiveness in work groups has many positives, like increases worker satisfaction, low turnover and absenteeism, thus leading to higher productivity (Argyle 1989). On the other hand high cohesiveness in groups at times may lead to detrimental effects also if the goals of the group are misalign with the organisationa l goals. Higher cohesiveness results in individual pressure on one another to abide to a common conclusion while making decisions, which will lead to a careless judgments and unrealistic appraisals of alternatives (Revenson 2005). After having seen the dynamics of group, we will now understand the issues on which we are going to make a critical analysis of the pros and cons of group work. These issues are like Social support, group norms, peer pressure and conflicts. Social Support:- Social support is nothing but the physical and emotional comfort given and shown by our friends, family and colleagues. This basically is all about knowing that we are all a part of the larger community of people, who care and think for us and are concerned about our well being. And the critical part of this support is that unless the receiver of the support views it a support, the communicative experience or message extended to him would not be considered as support. The social support can be understood in a variety of ways like, assistance or exchanging resources. Peer Pressure:- By peer pressure it refers to the influence or pressure exerted by a peer group in encouraging an individual in changing ones attitudes, values or behavior so that he or she confirms to the group norms. The social groups influenced by the peers include formal groups like political party, trade union or informal groups like a social clique. However a person who is affected by the peer pressure may or may not wish to continue with the group. This would also help persons in finding out if they really belong to the group, which would lead to adverse affects of the groups behavior (Steinberg 2007). Conflict:- A Conflict is a perceived difference of opinion or action of course on any issue. It is usually a dichotomy of actions for a goal to be achieved. It could be a simple intra personal conflict existing in a person or an interpersonal conflict that is appearing between two individuals or a group and an individual. It can also be between one group and another group (Brem 1995). Basically there are three different types of conflicts existing, like go- go situation, where you want to do both the actions, where as you will have a chance to make only one selection. The other two types are go- no go type of conflicts and the third one being -no go- no go type, where you dont want to take either of the decisions but still you want to make one choice. All conflicts in group are because of common resources which by their very nature are limited. By convention all conflicts are not counter productive. A conflict when used and controlled in the right way will be helping a great deal in increasing the productivity of the group. On the other hand, when not handled properly a conflict can have spiraling effect and can bring down an individual dignity and collapse the whole group (Managing Conflict within or between Groups, Australia). Hawthorne Studies:- The term was coined by Henry A. Landsberger (1955) while he was analyzing older experiments from 1924-1932 at the Hawthorne Works (A Western Electric factory outside Chicago). Hawthorne Works had commissioned a study to observe the efficiency of the workers under various stimuli both external and internal, which included physical working environment and also the group structures. Light was one such factor on which the effects were studied, to see if the workers would become more productive in higher or lower levels of light. The workers productivity has improved when changes were made and slumped when the study was concluded. It was observed that the gain in productivity is more due to the fact that they are being observed rather than the actual experiment itself. This Hawthorne effect is a form of reactivity where in subjects improve an aspect of their behavior by being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they are being studied and part of social investigatio n, not in response to any particular experimental manipulation. Advantages And Disadvantages:- Having studied the various theoretical aspects on which we are going to critically analyze the advantages and disadvantages, we will now enlist the various experiences both personal and compiled from others. Either the choices whether group or individual has its advantages and disadvantages. An introvert that I am, working alone sometimes is more beneficial to me than in a group. It is admitted that, working in groups has many benefits. With our partners, the project can be finished quicker. For example, when I was studying in university my final project was on Implementation of Stenography using BPCS. We were a group of 4 individuals working on this project and we have assigned different tasks to each person of the group. This has made the division of work more efficient thus accomplishing the task was much easier and faster. This was a good way to improve our knowledge, presentation skills and learn from each other, since every one has a different skill set and ideas to implement. At the same time we had few challenges working as a team, such as one person had he own ideas and would not coincide/compromise with rest of the team and some of us had issue with the time being spent on the project and so on. But at the end of the day we kept our difference away and worked as a team to finish the project successfully. On the other hand working individually also has some different kinds of advantages. The first major advantage that comes to mind is that we can work independent of any other person and dont have to rely on others. While working alone, we have the freedom of using our own methods and work at our own pace and convenience. Working independently gives us the confidence to make our own decisions, based on our experience and expertise on our work. Moreover, we can manage our time and resources better when we work by ourselves. From my experiences of working individually and also in a group, working individual always gave me success and the ability and knowledge to learn new things. As I am an introverted person, I didnt find much joy doing job in a group. However I felt that I was not having any new innovative or divergent ways of working, which other wise would have made me to do a better job by being a part of the group. Lets discuss how working in a group can enrich you individually as a person, while still being a part of the group. Just as said that many hands would make the job easier, we can achieve more as a collection of individuals rather than individually. There are numerous benefits of working as a part of a team, some of them can be stated as below 1. Creativity Every body is born with a different skill sets, knowledge and personal attributes. When in a group different people with different ideas come together and more creative and innovative ideas are generated, which will help us in enriching our knowledge and may be use them for our future endeavors. 2. Satisfaction As a team keeps on interacting more and more they tend to be more cohesive and enjoy the success of one another which leads to a greater satisfaction and team success. 3. Skills No individual is born with all the skills required for doing every thing. So when we are in a team we can make use of the pool of skills from the group for implementing the job more easily. 4. Speed When there is a need to do a big job, it would take a lot of time in finishing it, if everything has to be done by ourselves. However when the same job is performed by a team, there is an advantage of job sharing, and the same job can be assigned to members of the team, where in the job is completed at a much faster pace. For example, if we look at my final year project I mentioned earlier and if I had to do everything myself it would have taken long time, but since we separated the task and worked as a team we could finish it quickly with a great success. Working in a team also has few disadvantages, which are usually hard to see them in our everyday work. When working in a team there will not be any individual losers or winners and no one can be blamed or no one can feel good of having achieved some thing like success. When we have situations where the group consists of only leaders then their team might just not work at all. The worst thing is that the people who are not of a leader type they may be pushed aside by the other members of the team. Leaders would be concentrating on achieving the goal and wont care about helping other team members and socializing with them and wont become a good team. And on top of all these groups would have the conflicts, peer pressure and unnecessary waste of time. Conclusion:- The question of which one has more advantages is only of academic interest as ultimately, the result depends on what is best suited of the type and nature of the job and the individual personality and level of skill required along with all other constraints like time, money and resources available at your hand. Given that you have all the knowledge of above things, we would be able to make a decision which one works better for based on the situation. Though I prefer to work independently, if my job or situation needs me to be part of a group, I am always up for it and willing to be a great team player to contribute to the team success.