Dividend Policy Essay

Presentation Allude to Figure 1. Okay say that Montgomery’s arrangement up to now has been to deliver a steady profit, with intermittent increments as the organization develops? Montgomery has kept up the profit arrangement of delivering a standard profit to their partners. This consistent profit arrangement expands each time the firm creates. Since 200, the sum focused on delivering profits has developed every year, except specific accentuation has been put on the figures that show profits paid on each offer. In 2000, they paid$1. 36, 2001 they paid $1.48, 2002 they paid $ 1.70, 2003 and 2004 the firm paid $1.76 every year, and in 2005 it delivered profit for each portion of $ 1.96 demonstrating a consistent increment over the six years. The top-level administration has been sure about the steady or slight yearly increment of the DPS in view of the yearly ascent in the general number of offers each year since 2000 (Baker, 2009). Allude to Figure 2. What kind of profit strategies would you say are being rehearsed by Montgomery’s rivals in the retailing business? Do you imagine that any organizations are following a lingering arrangement? J.C. Penney 1999â â â â â â â â â â  2000â  2001â  2002â  2003â  2004â  2005 EPS   â â â â â â â â â â â â â $2.75â â â â â â â â â â  $2.94  $3.13  $2.91  $2.66  $3.53  $4.70 DPS   â â â â â â â â â â â â â $0.92â â â â â â â â â â  $1.00  $1.08  $1.18  $1.18  $1.24  $1.48 Payout Ratioâ â â â â 33.5%â â â â â â â â 34.0%â â 34.5%â 40.6%â 44.4%â 35.1%â 31.5%  Dollar General 1999â â â â â â â â â  2000â  2001â  2002â  2003â  2004â  2005 EPS   â â â â â $0.38â â â â â â â  $0.61  $0.81  $1.10  $0.95  $0.23  $0.30 DPS   â â â â â â $0.09â â â â â â  $0.11  $0.13  $0.17  $0.20  $0.20  $0.20 Payout Ratio 23.7%â â 18%â â 16.1%â 15.5%â 21.1%â 87.0%â 66.7% Wal-Mart Stores 1999â â â â  2000â  2001â  2002â  2003â  2004â  2005 EPS   â â â  â â â â $0.16â â â â  $0.23  $0.35  $0.48  $0.58  $0.80  $1.10 DPS   â â â â â â â â â $0.02â â â  $0.02  $0.04  $0.05  $0.07  $0.09  $0.12 Payout Ratioâ â 12.5% 8.7%â â 11.4%â 10.4%â 12.1%â 11.3%â 10.9% The fundamental contenders that Montgomery has been rivaling are Wal-store, J.C Penney, and Dollar General. The two firms are utilizing a similar strategy utilized by Montgomery as they endeavor to build their profit per share every year. In 2004, in spite of Earnings per share, diminishing by over 75% the profit per share was held at $0.20. The dollar expanded their benefits by over 17% regardless of the EPS diminishing by 14%. Unmistakably a development and stable profit are basic variables considered by any developing retail organization. We see that Wal-Mart, which is the greatest retail industry, likewise disregards accentuating on capital development as they go for dependability in profit and development. A similar case applies to J.C Penney, who keeps up a steady profit for every offer in spite of vacillations in EPS. Montgomery has the most elevated normal payout proportion contrasted with even Wal-Mart in view of the extensive stretch they have been in the business and with a similar profit approach, their DPS increment consistently (Baker, 2009).  Question Two Ascertain the normal come back to the regular investors under the firm’s present approach, given a normal profit one year from now of $2.10 and a development pace of 7.1 percent. Montgomery’s stock at present sells for $35.(Use the profit development model): Expected return (Ke) = D1/P0 + g D1 = $2.10, g = 7.1%, P0 = $35, Ke, Anticipated that arrival should investor = $2.10/$35 + 7.1% = 6+ 7.1 = 13.1% Expect that, if Don Jackson’s proposition were received, next year’s profit would be zero, however income development would ascend to 14 percent. What will be the normal come back to the investors (expecting different components are held consistent)? Embracing Don’s recommendation will see the Stockholders procure no profit by any means, yet the development will increment by 14% with a normal return continuing as before as the development rate. Anticipated that Return should Stock holders= 0/$35+ 14% = 14%. Don’s proposal will see the partners appreciate an extra 0.9% on their normal return, hence the need to see the benefits of Don’s strategy. Consequently, the firm can't totally overlook changing to a lingering profit arrangement. Then again, similar investors will just make a 14% increase by selling their offers yet the present profit arrangement procures them a 13.1%. Since there are no points of interest delighted in by capital addition because of existing enactment, at that point it could be insightful for the Company to keep up the profit strategy they are utilizing. This is on the grounds that the investors could possibly profit by leftover profit arrangement if the firm developed to 14% a reality that is just hypothesis. In the event that the development fall below13. 1% then the present framework is as yet the best (Baker &Filbeck, 2012). Question three Don’s proposal bolsters the way that profit and capital spending plan ought to be paid from the current year’s total compensation, a case that is false. This happens in light of the fact that the firm is being constrained by the money they are holding. The company’s balance in 2005 was $3,235,000 being the most extreme sum that can be paid to the capital spending plan along with a profit without redistributing for assets or sell its current resources. Delivering profits from held income will constrain firms to sell their property since they are not hard money (Baker &Filbeck, 2012). Question four Wear says the expense of the outside financing is more costly than the expense of inside financing, because of the buoyancy costs charged by venture investors. Given the information you have, what might you say is the firm’s cost of interior value financing?  The expense of obtaining from outside sources might be higher due to costs acquired during buoyancy. Expect Montgomery can sell securities estimated to yield 13 percent. What is the firm’s after-charge cost of obligation? (The expense rate is 25 percent. Securities yield=13%. Accordingly, after expense cost = 13%, duplicate by (1-0.25) = 9.75%. Given the expense of obligation and the expense of interior value financing, why doesn’t Montgomery simply acquire the aggregate sum expected to subsidize the capital spending plan and the profit too. Getting cash for capital spending plan and profit will influence the obligation value, making it be messed up as it will expand the expense of financing of obligations just as the expenses of all other money related methods  (Baker &Filbeck, 2012). Question five Do you oblige Clarence Autry’s remark that it is what the investors need that matters, not their all out pace of return? Why or why not? Mr. Autry is against the lingering profit approach. This  means that the investors won't have a state or inclination on the kind of reimbursement they get for putting resources into Montgomery as long as they acquire the most significant yields. On the off chance that they are allowed the chance to pick, they won't go for that arrangement. There are no guidelines for deciding if investors can have an inclination or the amount they will profit by it, in this manner making the issue dubious. Be that as it may, the retailing business as appeared in the figures above for Wal-store, J C Penney and dollar, they give investors an inclination which is taking the present profit paid instead of putting the money in increasingly appealing ventures (Baker &Filbeck, 2012). Question six Barbara Reynolds proposes that, if money is required for the capital financial plan, a stock profit could be fill in for a money profit. Do you concur? How would you figure the investors would respond? Notwithstanding their response, is the stock profit an identical substitute for a money profit? As much as the firm is in a situation to deliver share profit and not money profit, not all investors will be agreeable for some will feel that nothing was really paid to them. This is so in light of the fact that the offer profit is simply yet a negligible paper which the investors sign to make more offers. This could possibly get useful on the off chance that it expanded the investors complete money profit which will go into the job of a stock profit to monitor reserves (Baker, 2009). Question seven After everything is said and done, do you think the firm’s profit approach matters? Assuming this is the case, what do you think Montgomery’s strategy ought to be. In the case of going for lingering profit strategy or installment of a money profit, each budgetary expert has their perspectives. Many would contend that acquiring to contribute as opposed to utilizing the accessible cash would build costs because of buoyancy that are related with getting from outside sources consequently need to go for a remaining profit approach. Then again, Montgomery being an old firm that is utilized to the present profit arrangement will be in an ideal situation adhering to it. Therefore, leave remaining profit approach for new rising retail organizations (Baker, 2009). References Dough puncher, K.â (2009). ‘Dividends and Dividend policy.’eighth release, Harvard Business School Press: New York. Dough puncher, K. and Filbeck, G.â (2012). ‘Alternative speculations: Instruments, Performance, Benchmark and Strategies.’2nd version, Harvard Business School Press: New York.       Â

History Of The Car Essays - Car, Auto Racing, Automotive Industry

History of the Car History of the Car Individuals lives changed more during twentieth century than in any past period ever. With such a significant number of innovations came in this period, there are not many of them that have affected and changed world more than car. Since a great many people alive today have developed up in the car age, the effect of the vehicle on the general public is not entirely obvious. Out of trials in numerous spots and with numerous components of structure, the fundamental highlights of the vehicle developed when the new century rolled over. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, and particularly in the 1890's, much work was conveyed in France, Germany, Great Britain, Austria, and United States to create pragmatic structures of both vehicle and engine. In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler, who had recently worked with Dr Nikolaus August Otto, applied a solitary chamber furthermore, air-cooled vertical machine to a carriage. A couple of years after the fact Daimler made his initial four wheeled wooden assembled light wagonnete controlled by petroleum. Karl Benz of Manheim (Germany) at that point constructed a motor explicitly planned for engine vehicles, prompting the four-wheelers (Thomas 321). As petroleum vehicles turned out to be progressively trustworthy the upside of not pausing until steam was created gave them clear predominance over the liners, what's more, the self-starter removed the chief preferred position from electric impetus. Toward the start of the century, petroleum driven inward ignition engine vehicle had built up itself as the prevailing mechanical street vehicle and begun its extension with incredible speed (Ware 291). In 1894, the French paper La Petit Diary acquainted another creation with the more extensive open by sorting out a preliminary run of engine vehicles from Paris to Rouen. In 1895 the race was sorted out from Paris to Bordeaux. The victor arrived at the midpoint of fifteen miles 60 minutes. In the principal decade of 1900's, French driven the world in the creation of vehicles, and cars even participated in French armed force moves. In England, they were permitted to go on streets at fourteen miles 60 minutes. Around a similar time in the United States, Henry Ford was making twin-chamber water-cooled motor vehicles, which went at 25 miles 60 minutes. (Zeldin II 640). Vehicle proprietorship from the get-go in the century was restricted to the rich and advantaged. The transformation in the entire character of the vehicle, just as its strategy of assembling, was made by the presentation of large scale manufacturing. In 1908, Henry Ford, a rancher's kid from Michigan with little instruction, imagined the possibility of a vehicle intended for the general population. After cautious assessment of the Sears Roebuck manufacturing plant, he started large scale manufacturing of his model T vehicle. The advantage of this large scale manufacturing was a low-estimated what's more, reasonable vehicle. It was the start of large scale manufacturing and mass acknowledgment of autos. The result was that, in 1913, there were at that point over a million autos on the United States streets as contradicted to 200,000 in Great Britain, 90,000 in France, and a negligible 70,000 in Germany (Zeldin 649). Vehicles, which were not referenced in the statistics of the US's business in 1900, before long will be at the highest priority on the rundown. The quick improvement of vehicles required an incredible scope of offices. When the new century rolled over and for about two decades into the 1900's, most streets kept on being made of sand, earth, or soil. Thus, when it came down, they became messes. The streets surfaced with rock or sand which had served for the traffic of the pony drawn vehicles, were before long see as altogether deficient for engine transport. The vehicle prepared a dust storm, slackened and wore the surface, and stalled the roadbed with its weight. In 1903, The Grand Prix car race from Paris to Madrid was canceled in the mid-course after a large number of the drivers, blinded by dust, collided with demise. It wasn't until the finish of the principal decade of this century, at the point when present day street building strategies started to develop quickly, that streets started to be cleared with concrete. Constructors began to utilize black-top, which gave a strong surface (Ware 294). By than, be that as it may, there were thousands autos around the world. In this way, driving a vehicle in the early some portion of the century was more experience than delight. Stalling out in mud halfway through outing, hitting a trench and breaking a hub or sliding into a discard were very regular events for early drivers. Vehicle travel relied on the accessibility of the fuel. In the first place the fuel assets were situated in the couple of spots, for example, United States, northern South America, Romania, what's more, southern Russia. Retail petroleum gracefully focuses were required along the streets. Vehicle ventures,

Total Physical Response to Teach Vocabulary Research - 2200 Words

Total Physical Response to Teach Vocabulary Research (Research Paper Sample) Content: Total physical response to teach vocabularyA proposal by:Student nameID: 00000000Supervised by: Dr. fffff fffffDepartment of Applied Linguistics213931574104500YANBU UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, YANBU AL SINAIYAHOctober, 2015.AbstractThis research is based on the strategic Total Physical Response (TRP) in learning vocabulary. The results seek to show he effectiveness of using TRP methods as compared to the normal methods, i.e. Audio-language methods. Six middle school girls are used for the administration of the pre-tests and post-tests. One questionnaire is also issued to the studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ English instructor. However, more emphasis should be laid on the TRP method with regard to foreign language programs.IntroductionRetention rates as concerns various activities vary as far as age or the particular activity are concerned. For instance, adult and children understanding could be the difference in retention rates. However, practice matters in an explicable way. By practic e, physical activity and response during the vocabulary learning is implied in determining the retention rates.Physical activity is made about playing and outside interactions. Similarly, training that is referred to as acting-out in learning languages is referred to as a physical response. The physical response sustains a learnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s effort and interest hence have a motivational power. On average, the normal adult learner allocates a limited amount of time, say two hours, to language learning programs. The lack of generosity in time allocation is unrealistic for the expectation of fluency in reading, writing, listening and speaking (Khyrat, 1990).Total physical response in learning vocabulary takes a strategy where learners or applicants listen to a given command in a foreign language and follow the instruction with a physical response. For instance, a Japanese language instructor will say tate and the student will obey by standing up. The Japanese language learner will wal k forward when he or she is told aruke by the instructor (Lawson Hogben, 1996). These are beginner one-word utterances that assist in the reduction of syntactical complexity of the foreign language. Various studies have supported the incorporation of the Defense Language Institute or the Berlitz school for second language learning curriculums Honorat, 2003).Statement of the ProblemMinimal effectiveness is experienced in foreign language programs. In fact, the over-ambitious nature of our expectation is exceeded. There is the lack of high positive transfer in communication while speaking a new language. The result is minimal skills in the listening and speaking comprehensions. There are inadequate or non-existent approaches to the learning strategies of the total physical response. The morphological complexity of a foreign language is inbuilt, or attitude based should there be the absence of total physical responses. Retention rates are lower in adults as compared to children (Honor at, 2003). This could be explained by the lack of total physical response approaches.Fluency in a foreign language completely differs in children and adults. Whereas adults have the ability to grasp and understand the language due to their maturity levels, children tend to achieve fluency easily. Further, children get along in learning the foreign language in less time in comparison to their adult counterparts. The retention rates are explained in the concurrent responses that children make that result in better retention scores.Purpose of the StudyThe effectiveness of the total physical response in teaching vocabulary is the main focus of this study. Foreign language instructors have different techniques in helping their learners retain the language vocabularies. For instance, recitation of songs, words, reading excerpts, and writing short and long passages go a long way in helping learners learn a new language. However, this study aims at questioning their effectiveness in compari son to simple one and multiple-word utterances that are followed by physical actions.Additionally, this study seeks to question whether attitude change as refers to language complexity can be improved via fun activities. For instance, does the instructor give the students a chance of learning the language in class in practical other than the usual theoretical ways.Research Questions. * What is the effect of Strategic Total Physical Response on teaching vocabulary? * What explanation is there in explaining this techniqueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s effectiveness? * What are the advantages of using the Total Physical Response method in the teaching of English vocabulary to a student?Literature ReviewDefinition of key conceptsThe Total Physical Response (TPR) refers to a language teaching technique. There is physical action in one-word utterances or acting out during retention tests. Students are expected to coordinate the new language they are learning to physical movement under the supervision of la nguage instructors. This technique was invented by James Asher of San JosÃÆ' State University in the 1960s. He was a professor emeritus of psychology. Foreign language fluency is enhanced through memory coordination with physical activity.Vocabulary refers to the stock of words in use in a particular language. It consists of a collection of phrases and words of a technical field or language. They are defined and arranged in disciplines and are the fundamental tools for knowledge acquisition and communication. . Vocabulary arrangement can also be alphabetically (Khyrat, 1990). Each vocabulary has a meaning, an affix, and a root. Close analysis and understanding of vocabulary results in the entire learning and retention of a language. Language instructors employ the use of dictionaries, written texts, and word cards in teaching vocabulary.Previous Studies in the LiteraturePrevious research about TPR has helped shed light on its operation. The importance, procedures, and setting of th is technique are also widely highlighted. The rationale for the current study has a relation to the mentioned previous studies.Honorat (2003) takes a practical and theoretical evaluation and overview of TPR. His main focus is on Total Physical Response Storytelling (TPRS). Students attempt to give a brief shallow or detailed story. Honorat (2003) cites little research on TPRS legitimacy but wide application in schools and universities in the USA. He examines the theoretical underpinnings of the strategy and discusses better retention rates as a potential benefit. He suggests an academic approach to the TPRS examination including its practical descriptions. Its drawbacks including the challenge it presents to some students are discussed in detail. All in all, Honorat acknowledges its use and effectiveness (Honorat, 2003).Wong (1983) experiments English teaching as a second language to third-grade Chinese students. She compares the effectiveness of the TPR approach to the Audio-Lingua l approach. She uses pretests and posttests in determining oral language achievement in a quantifiable measure. She seeks to determine whether there is a difference between third-grade Chinese students learning English in the audio-lingual approach and those instructed using the TPR approach. She concludes that students taught using the latter approach gained more. Therefore, TPR was more effective for third-grade Chinese students than the audio-lingual technique (Wong, 1983).Gustafson (1989) in his research titled, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Total Physical Response (TPR) as a logical method of foreign language instruction based on patterns of first language acquisitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ explores the use of recent foreign language instruction techniques. He determines their disadvantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages of the TPR method is the better retention rates and increased fluency levels. Further, the research explored the application of the method in the instruction of German 101 and German 102 by the use of a required textbook. Model lessons plans that were based on Deutsche Sprache und Landeskunde were presented. These model plans applied the TPR approach when specific textbooks were in use (Gustafson, 1989).An alternative method for Egyptian beginners learning English as a Foreign Language was sought in a research by Mohamed Khyrat Mahmoud (Khyrat, 1990). The research also aimed at exploring studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ receptive strategies and behaviors to the various listening comprehension materials. Experimental and descriptive studies were conducted on a hundred male students. The experimental focus group was taught using the Asherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s TPR method while the control group was instructed using the audio-lingual (AL) method. Pretests and posttests were adopted an administered for the equivalent groups. Listening comprehension tests were also administered to both groups. The verbal results were determined with their corresponding reports being developed (K hyrat, 1990).The protocol analysis method for data analysis for the quantitative and qualitative subjectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ reports analyses was used. A coding scheme for the ultimate retrospective reports and the concurrent think-aloud protocols was coded (Khyrat, 1990). Successful and unsuccessful listeners with regards to the listening comprehension tests had common strategies and behaviors in performance. However, successful subjects gave higher protocols than their unsuccessful counterparts. The result concluded that the TPR instruction method was significantly productive than the AL method. The result was regarding the listening comprehension rate of attainment. TPR proved more practical and feasible in the English Foreign Language (EFL) program in Egypt (Khyrat, 1990). It was recommended as a good strategy to mastering the listening skill for EFL students.In concluding the literatu...

Essay on Nursing Theories and Their Importance in Nursing

Nursing theories and their importance in nursing Jennifer J. Wilson Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 501: Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Instructor Berens 1/12/15 Nursing Theory is often defined as,† an organized framework of concepts and purposes designed to guide the practice of nursing† (Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing, 2012). Nursing theories can help patients, managers and other healthcare professionals to recognize what and how much that nurses do contribute to the healthcare field. I never did realize how important theories in nursing practice could be until I became a nursing student myself. Nurses use theories in their everyday practice, but never think about them as being responsible†¦show more content†¦Summary of Nursing Theory The Environment theory was formed when Nightingale found that the health institutions had poor sanitation, health workers had little education and training and were frequently incompetent and unreliable in attending to the needs of the patients. She stated in her nursing notes that nursing is an act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery (Nightingale, 1860). I selected this theory because it still plays a very important part in our nursing practice today. The purpose of this theory is that Nightingale believed that the environment could be altered to improve conditions so that the natural laws would allow healing to occur. These ideas grew from observations that poor or difficult environments led to poor health and disease. Nurses today still follow all of the appropriate safety protocols in order to protect healthcare workers as well as the patients from further infections. For example, nurses have personal protective equipment (PPE) that can be used according to protocols for protection as well as other safety procedures to follow. Nightingale also felt that a nurturing environment could make a difference in the health of the patient. 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Essay on Affirmative Action A Road to Discrimination and...

Affirmative Action: A Road to Discrimination and Prejudice Affirmative action: these words bring to mind many different things to many different people. To some it is a leveler of the playing field and a right for past injustices, but to others it is a tool used to cause reverse discrimination and continues prejudices. Affirmative action was born into a time when our country was attempting to provide equality for all and was only intended to be a temporary measure to bring about this equality into areas where it had been lacking. Now almost forty years later this temporary measure known as affirmative action is still being used and has in the most part failed to bring about the equality it was supposed to. Instead, we have today a†¦show more content†¦From this beginning one can see that affirmative action was too narrow in scope to ever actually level the playing field or to make up for past injustices to all without discriminating against some. The main focus of affirmative action was on education and employment. It required that measures be used to ensure that minorities and women be given the same opportunities for promotions, salary increases, career advancements, school admissions, scholarships, and financial aid that all others were given (Brummer, 2003), but originally did not state how this was to be accomplished. By 1970, the federal government had established regulations which required affirmative action through goals and timetables. While unintended in conception, in practice, these too often encouraged preferential treatment for members of one group over members of another. Ultimately affirmative action became based on preferential treatment in the form of quotas and other efforts that made race and gender the determining factors in many aspects of employment and admission to colleges (Wilson, 1995, p. 111). 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Essentialism, supports stereotype prejudice, psychologically embedding the thoughts and ideas of these prejudices engrained into the psyche of the individual, making these stereotype prejudice a core value (Bastian, Haslam, 2006). â€Å"People essentialize emotion categories by assuming that members of the same category† behave in the same manner, fostering a prejudice against people (Lindquist, Gendron, Oosterwijk, Barrett, 2013). The psychologicalRead More The E ffects that Affirmative Action Has Had on Past and Future Endeavors of Minorities in the United States2847 Words   |  12 PagesAfrican Americans. That equalizer is affirmative action. Affirmative action is a policy or a program that seeks to redress past discrimination through active measures to ensure equal opportunity, as in education and employment. In addition to providing equal opportunity, affirmative action also serves as a form of reparation for the actions by white America in the past. With the advancement of African Americans in this society, some argue that affirmative action actually is a way to declare inferiorityRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act and the South2391 Words   |  10 Pageslate-twentieth-century American demographic and policy changes. Continuing high immigration, discrimination, and officially designated affirmative-action minority groups will ensure that if the twentieth century has the problem of the color line, the twenty-first will have the problem of color lines. In 1964, Congress passed and President Lyndon Johnson proudly signed the Civil Rights Act. The law was intended to prevent discrimination in a assortment of spheres of life, including public accommodations (TitleRead MoreEssay about Racial Profiling by Police is an Unjust Practice 805 Words   |  4 Pagesorg/publications/reports/racial_profiling/what_is.html/a). This means that under any such program, more African-Americans would be pulled over for random traffic stops and drug/weapon searches, more middle-eastern-Americans would be monitored in government buildings for terrorist action, and more Hispanic-Americans would be followed and watched for gang activity. This same article has over ten different detailed accounts from individuals of minorities that all have a story to tell about how racial profiling singled them out as lawRead MoreEducation In Richard Rodriguezs The Hunger Of Memory977 Words   |  4 PagesRichard Rodriguez, the author of â€Å"The Hunger of Memory,â €  is a Mexican man who rose above prejudices to become a distinguished member of society through education. Sherman Alexie, the author of â€Å"Superman and Me,† is a Native American man who grew up on an Indian reservation with a love of books and a penchant for learning in an attempt to exceed further than the predetermined path set in front of him. Rodriguez perceives education as something that has built a division between him and his family butRead MoreAnalysis Of Richard Rodriguezs Hunger Of Memory1003 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Rodriguez, the author of Hunger of Memory, is a Mexican man who rose above prejudices to become a distinguished member of society through education. Sherman Alexie, the author of â€Å"Superman and Me,† is a Native American man who grew up on an Indian reservation with a love of books and a penchant for learning in an attempt to exceed further than the predetermined path set in front of him. Rodriguez perceives education as someth ing that has built a division between him and his family but allowedRead MoreWorldwide Telecommunications1024 Words   |  5 PagesThousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, Retrieved November 18, 2006 from: http://informationr.net/ir/reviews/revs227.html Connerley and Pedersen discuss issues that may arise on a day to day basis. The story describes how you can be aware of discrimination, stereotype, and diversity. People of many natures, origins, cultures, and background tend to work with each other and before to long, someone is discriminated against because they are different in some way. These others explain how you canRead MoreAffirmative Action is Ineffective2890 Words   |  12 Pageslimitless opportunity available and equal for all? For years Affirmative Action has tried to level the laying field, but its black field workers are still being oppressed. It is evident that Affirmative action is ineffective with the differences in the number of employed blacks compared to whites and their difficulties to get and keep a job, blacks repetition in society has been tarnished due to stereotypes, and blacks face hidden discrimination. Allover America people are loosing their jobs and

None Essay Paper Example For Students

None Essay Paper Al Capone is one of the most recognized names in American history. Alphonse was born to Neapolitan immigrants Gabriel and Teresa. His surname, originallyCapone. The Capone family included James, Ralph, Salvatore (Frank), Alphonse, John, Albert,Mafalda. Capone was proud to be an American Im no Italian. I was born in Brooklyn, he oftenAl went to school with Salvatore Lucania, later known as Lucky Luciano. At about the age of tenup-and-coming gangster Johnny Torrio, also a Neapolitan. At fourteen he quit school afterLucky Luciano joined a gang known as the Five Pointers, on Manhattans Lower East Side. president of the Unione Siciliane, as a bouncer and bartender. One night he made a remark aboutGalluciano, and Galluciano slashed Capones face with a pocket knife, leaving three large scarsmuch of his criminal career, newspapers would call Capone by the hated name Scarface. forgive Galluciano and, years later, hired him as a bodyguard. Johnny Torrio had moved to Chicago to work for hisuncle, Big Jim Colosimo. Torrio sent for his trustedlieutenant, Capone. Suspected of two murders, Caponewas eager to leave New York. Capone worked underTorrio as a bouncer and thug. On May 11, 1920, BigJim Colosimo was assassinated in his own cafe by anunknown killer. Johnny Torrio was now the leader ofthe most powerful gang in Chicago, and Capone hisTorrio imposed a peace treaty on the other gangs,which lasted until the OBanion-Genna war. Torrio wasshot by OBanion men in reprisal for OBanions slaying. He survived, barely. Before retiring to Italy, Torrioturned over leadership of his gang to Capone. The Di Vito monument, a short distance east of theBishops mausoleum, features busts of Mr. and Mrs. Di Vito in shallow alcoves. The Ionic columns on theside are partially covered with clinging vines. Mount Carmel is one of Chicagos finest graveyards. It is located in west suburban Hillside,Heaven. Mt Carmel is the oldest Catholic cemetery in the western part of the Archdiocese ofThe vast majority of persons buried here are Italian. Italian traditions include statuary, andprivate mausoleums. There are over 400 private family mausoleums in Mt. Carmel, more thanItalian immigrants in Chicago preserved their culture, and Mount Carmel has a wonderfulThe most popular attraction is the Bishops mausoleum, which received over 50,000 visitors inof Cardinal Bernardin in October 1996. But to many, Mt. Carmel is equally famous for thegangsters of the 1920s including Al Capone, best known of them all. Bibliography:I really cant say anything

Pygmies Essays - African Pygmies, Mbuti People, Ef People

Pygmies Pygmy groups are scattered throughout equatorial Africa, from Cameroon in the west to Zambia in the southeast. In Zaire, there are three main groups of Pygmies: the Tswa in the west, the Twa between Lake Kivu and Lake Tanganyika, and the Mbuti (also referred to as Bambuti or BaMbuti) of the Ituri Forest. According to Schebesta, the author of the earliest reliable reports, only the Mbuti are true Pygmies, i.e., under 150 cm. in height and relatively unmixed with neighboring peoples. The other groups are referred to as Pygmoids, being highly intermixed with other peoples both physically and culturally (Turnbull 1965A: 159-B). The following summary refers only to the Mbuti Pgymies of the Ituri Forest in Zaire. The Mbuti are located at lat. 0 degrees-3 degrees N and long. 26 degrees-30 degrees E. Their territory is a primary rain forest. The Mbuti have conventionally been divided into three groups, which are distinct from each other linguistically, economically, and geographically. Each of the three groups speaks a different language (which corresponds to the language spoken by neighboring villagers), practices different hunting techniques, and is territorially distinct. The Aka speak the Mangbetu language (Sudanic family), hunt primarily with spears, and live in the north. These spear-hunters have not been extensively studied. The Efe speak the Lese language (Sudanic family), are archers, and are located in the east. The Efe were studied by Schebesta. The Sua speak the Bira language (Bantu branch of the Benue-Congo family), hunt with nets, and live to the south. They were studied by Putnam and Turnbull. The most profound difference between the three groups, the linguistic difference, is, according to Turnbull, of recent origin and is purely accidental (Turnbull 1965B 22-23). Furthermore, in spite of the fact that the three languages are very different, there are enough similarities in intonation to make it possible for Pygmies to recognize, if not comprehend, each other. All of the Pygmies of the Ituri Forest recognize themselves by the term Mbuti, and the only political identity they have is in opposition to the village cultivators. The Mbuti as a whole are clearly distinct from these village neighbors both racially and culturally, and, Turnbull says, the economic differences between the three Mbuti groups mask a basic structural unity (Turnbull 1965B: 22-23). Since there has never been an official demographic census, it is impossible to give an accurate estimate of the total Mbuti population. From discussion with missionaries and administrators and from his own experience, however, Turnbull guessed that the population was approximately 40,000 in 1958 (Turnbull 1965B: 26). The Mbuti live in territorially defined nomadic bands. The membership of these bands is very fluid. Bands have no formal political structure; there are no chiefs, and there is no council. An informal consensus among old respected men is the basis of decisions affecting the entire camp. In spite of Turnbull's insistence on basic structural unity, the differences in hunting techniques aqppear to have considerable effect upon the nature of the band organization. Net hunting is a cooperative venture, requiring the cooperation of the whole band, including the women and children. Archery, on the other hand, is primarily a family venture, requiring only two or three men. The most obvious distinction resulting from the economic differences is that of band size. Archer bands average about 6 huts per band, while net-hunting bands average about 15 huts. The Mbuti maintain relationships with surrounding village cultivators whose languages the Mbuti have adopted. Many accounts indicate that the Mbuti are highly acculturated and have adopted many features of villager lifestyle beyond language, such as the clan system and certain religious observances. Turnbull feels that these features are quite superficial, however. The relationship between the Mbuti and the villagers is maintained on several different levels, centering around trade. The Pygmies bring the villagers honey and meat in return for plantation products. This economic exchange can occur on several levels: between the band and the village as a whole (capita/chief), between lineage and lineage (lineage elder/Kpara), or between individuals (kare/kare). The first type of relationship does not occur very often, exchanges being more easily conducted on an interpersonal basis. The lineage relationship is hereditary on both sides. The kare brotherhood is established in nkumbi initiations. In the nkumbi initiation, male villagers and Mbuti are circumcised. The relationship established in the initiation is continued throughout life and centers around economic exchange. The religious life of the Mbuti is not at all clear. Early reports state that they had no religion at all, and later reports dwell on whether or not the Mbuti relationship to the supernatural structurally constitutes religion (usually defined by belief in one supreme being) or magic. In

Political Culture and Good Citizenship

Political Culture and Good Citizenship Political culture is a widely shared set of ideas, attitudes, practices, and moral judgments that shape people’s political behavior, as well as how they relate to their government and to one another. In essence, the various elements of a political culture determine the people’s perception of who is and is not a â€Å"good citizen.† To an extent, the government itself can use outreach efforts like education and public commemorations of historical events to shape political culture and public opinion. When taken to excess, such attempts to control the political culture are often characteristic of the actions of totalitarian or fascist forms of government. While they tend to reflect the current character of the government itself, political cultures also embody the history and traditions of that government. For example, while Great Britain still has a monarchy, the queen or king has no real power without the approval of the democratically elected Parliament. Yet, while doing away with the now largely ceremonial monarchy would save the government millions of pounds per year, the British people, proud of their tradition of over 1,200 years of being ruled by royalty, would never stand for it. Today, as always, a â€Å"good† British citizen reveres the Crown. While political cultures vary greatly from nation to nation, state to state, and even region to region, they generally tend to remain relatively stable over time. Political Culture and Good Citizenship To a great degree, political culture implies the characteristics and qualities that make people good citizens. In the context of political culture, the traits of â€Å"good citizenship† transcend the government’s basic legal requirements for attaining citizenship status. As Greek philosopher Aristotle argued in his treatise Politics, simply living in a nation does not necessarily make a person a citizen of that nation. To Aristotle, true citizenship required a level of supportive participation. As we see today, thousands of lawful permanent resident aliens and immigrants live in the United States as â€Å"good citizens† as defined by the political culture without becoming fully naturalized citizens. Traits of Good Citizens Good citizens, in their daily lives, demonstrate most of the qualities considered important by the prevailing political culture. A person who lives an otherwise exemplary life but never works to support or improve the community by taking an active part in public life may be considered a good person but not necessarily a good citizen. In the United States, a good citizen is generally expected to do at least some of these things: Take part in the representative democracy by registering to vote and voting in elections.Run for elected office or volunteer to serve on appointed governing boards.Obey all federal, state, and local laws.Show up for jury duty if called.Be knowledgeable of the basic freedoms, rights, and responsibilities contained in the U.S. Constitution.Pay all applicable federal, state, and local taxes.Remain knowledgeable about political issues and government policy.Volunteer to take part in community improvement programs.Take part in patriotic observances and traditions, like standing for the National Anthem and knowing the Pledge of Allegiance. Even within the United States, the perception of political culture - thus good citizenship - may vary from region to region. As a result, it important to avoid depending on stereotypes when judging a person’s quality of citizenship. For example, people in one region may place more importance in strict observance of patriotic traditions than those in other regions. Political Culture Can Change Though it often takes generations to happen, minds - and thus political culture - can change. For example: Since its colonial period, America has seen periods during which the dominating political culture favored a policy of isolationism from foreign affairs, particularly foreign wars. In each of these cases, threats that foreign wars might directly threaten American lives and freedoms resulted in rapid reversals of the isolationist political culture.As part of President Lyndon Johnson’s sweeping Great Society social reform initiative, Congress enacted the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Passed after generations of post-Civil war racial discrimination, the law authorized the use of federal troops to supervise elections in several Southern states in order to protect the voting rights of black Americans. Forty years later, fearing that the racially-charged political culture in the South might still be a threat to the political freedom of blacks, Congress and President George W. Bush enacted the Voting Rights Extension Act of 2006. Today, multi-racial voting coalitions exist throughout the nation and Black-Americans are commonly elected to federal, state, and local offices. While some political cultures can be changed by the passage of laws, others cannot. In general, elements of a political culture based on deeply-seated beliefs or customs, such as patriotism, religion, or ethnicity are far more resistant to change than those based simply on the government’s policies or practices. Political Culture and US Nation Building While it is always difficult and sometimes dangerous, governments often try to influence the political culture of other nations. For example, the United States is known for its often-controversial foreign policy practice called â€Å"nation-building† - efforts to convert foreign governments to American-style democracies, often through the use of armed forces. In October 2000, President George W. Bush came out against nation-building, stating, â€Å"I dont think our troops ought to be used for whats called nation-building. I think our troops ought to be used to fight and win war.† But just 11 months later, the September 11, 2001 terror attacks changed the president’s perspective. As an outgrowth of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the United States has attempted to establish democracies in those nations. However, political cultures have hindered those U.S. nation-building efforts. In both countries, years of long-standing attitudes toward other ethnic groups, religions, women, and human rights shaped by years of tyrannical rule continue to stand in the way.

An analysis of Mark Rothko's Essay Example For Students

An analysis of Mark Rothkos Essay There seems to be no shadowing and modeling is poor which makes it difficult to locate one individual light source. It also gives the figures a two dimensional appearance and makes them seem vacant and somber. The tonal range is wide but the use of cool colors (in particular grey and blues) has the effect of distancing the spectator from the scene. Furthermore, emphasis is placed on color rather than detail because the brushwork is crude. These factors lend the scene a cold and somewhat eerie feeling. Rotators repeated use of vertical lines (specifically the railings and pillars) segregates the figures from one another and more significantly, from the spectator. The overlapping of these objects gives the scene perspective, but long with the idea of segregation and a high picture plane, this only serves to further distance the spectator. The two left most pillars are arranged in such a way that they run parallel with the two right most pillars and with the wall at the back left of the scene. Furthermore the figures on the descending staircase and the figures around the ticket booth are along the same parallel plane, and are framed within the pillars. The effect is that the eye is drawn towards the booth along this line, Perhaps then it is no coincidence that the ticket booth also mess to be the location for the vanishing point. These factors would suggest that the implied spectator position is further back along the same line as the ticket booth and the figures on the descending stairs. Roth uses the methods have discussed to distance and segregate the spectator from the scene. Along With his brushwork, lighting and choice Of colors, this lends the painting an eerie atmosphere. As such, Subway Scene is a bleak and cold image that stresses a feeling Of alienation to the spectator.

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

Philosophy - Essay Example Stoicism was founded by three early thinkers – Zeno of Citium in Cyprus (344-262 BC), Cleanthes (d. 232 BC) and Chrysippus (d. ca. 206 BC). â€Å"Chrysippus was particularly prolific, composing over 165 works, but we have only fragments of his works. The only complete works by Stoic philosophers that we possess are those by writers of Imperial times, Seneca (4 BC-65 AD), Epictetus (c. 55-135) and the Emperor Marcus Aurelius (121-180) and these works are principally focused on ethics† (Baltzly, 2004). On the surface, Stoicism emphasized the idea that the true sage, in his zealous pursuit of wisdom, would find all the happiness he could want in his knowledge and subsequent inner tranquility. The ultimate source of this tranquility is achieved through the fire of the soul as it becomes connected with the fire of God, who permeates everything. Because they felt that the laws of nature were absolute and that the essential nature of humans was reason, they felt people could d o no other than ‘live according to nature.’ The Epicureans, on the other hand, felt that the greatest goal in life was to experience pleasure. Founded on the ideas of Epicurus (340-270 BC), Epicureanism centers on the idea that pleasure in moderate amounts as well as an absence of bodily pain was necessary for one to gain a state of tranquility and freedom from fear. This was obtained through the obtaining of knowledge, friendship and by living a virtuous and temperate life. The key to how this philosophy differed from other forms of pleasure-seeking philosophies was in the term ‘moderation.’ Although it was all right to have sex, to become involved in an all-consuming passionate affair or to have sex too often could easily throw one out of balance, making it preferable to simply abstain. In addition, this philosophy was firmly grounded upon scientific, rather than divine, principles presuming that an understanding of the world around us, and a physical understanding of

David Henry Hwang - M. Butterfly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

David Henry Hwang - M. Butterfly - Essay Example The Act 1 Scene 1 of the play describes his cell and his fame for some monumental event in his past and later the apparent hallucination of Song Liling, a Chinese woman performing in the opera Madame Butterfly. The opera has symbolic significance and there is a reference to it off and on in the play. The character of Gallimard has been presented as in contrast to Pinkerton in Giacomo Puccini’s Madam Butterfly (produced, 1904; published, 1935). Gallimard evaluates himself as gauche and inept in love making, but is quite surprising that he could woo Song Liling, the charming Oriental woman. Gallimard was totally unaware of the fact that Liling is a communist agent, assigned to extract the information about the Vietnam War. Though Gallimard could attain high positions because of his Oriental affairs, he was demoted and sent back to France when his analysis on East-West relations proved wrong. To pursue their plans, the communists sent Liling to France to resume his affair with Gallimard. When Liling is arrested and produced before the court for espionage, he agrees that Gallimard had handed over him confidential documents and supported him and his son for fifteen years. At the court, Liling reveals his real gender and appears in men’s clothes. Towards the last part of the play Gallimard realises his own faults that he had kept the false concepts about an Oriental woman who can sacrifice everything for him. The last scene of the play witnesses the death of Gallimard.

Intellectual Freedom - It Isnt Free :: Politics Political

Intellectual Freedom - It Isn't Free We have lingered in the chambers of the sea By sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown Till human voices wake us, and we drown. T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Very few of us are unfamiliar with the Genesis account of creation, where it is written that "God said, 'Let there be light,' and there was light." [1] The obvious point is that God creates the world; but later writings have chosen to focus on the idea that the divine being both creates and destroys by the power of His word alone. God spoke, and "it came to be." [2] By the time of the Gospel of John was put to paper, we are informed that the word is not merely an expression of God: it is, in fact, no less than God himself. [3] The word is divine. Especially after Augustine, who articulated Christian doctrine as the road to God passing directly within self, the inner word has been seen not only as the source of innermost self, but of conscience as well. [4] In terms of Augustinian inwardness, "God is to be found in the intimacy of self-presence." [5] The inner triangulation of self involves what the Athanasian Creed referred to as the "reasonable soul and the flesh" as two elements, with God the third in between. [6] In fact, it is clear that the original construction of the First Amendment was devoted to protecting precisely this Augustinian notion of inner light, this inner word and presence of God. [7] This is what Tom Paine, chaplain to the American Revolutionary soldiers (and author of Common Sense) referred to when he wrote his well-known dictum that "my own mind is my church." [8] As early as the 1740s, for example, it was the New Light Congregationalists (ironically similar in theological outlook to the ill-fated Anne Hutchinson [9] ), who posed what became the central axiom of the American revolution: the idea that "liberty of conscience" is the "inalienable right of every rational creature." [10] Note how similar Paine's notion of his own mind being his inner sanctum is to the Quaker notion of the "inner light," which Staughton Lynd described as "the preamble to the political faith of the Dissenter, as of the subsequent Declaration of Independence.

History of Garde Manager

The History of Garde Mange Aaron avers The garde manger profession began with peoples need to preserve food. The practice of food preservation is very much older than the term garde manger. In medieval times, castles and large homes were equipped with underground larders, or cold food storage rooms. The food storage areas in these castles and manor houses were usually located in the lower levels, since the cool basement-like environment was ideal for storing food. These cold storage areas developed over time into the modern cold kitchen. In France, the larder was called the garde manger.So one meaning of the culinary term garde manger can be a person in charge of cold foods preparation and preservation. Today, in the industry, I have been taught that the garde manger is now referred to as the â€Å"pantry chef. † Garde manger is also known as the place in which cold foods are prepared and stored, and the person or chef of cold foods preparation. Garerde Manger was being used l ong before it was a commonly used term. Perishable foods like meat and fish were dried in the sun or packed with salt to preserve them. The first dependable method of preserving foods was actually drying. Also you can read about  History of the Culinary Arts.Smoking foods was derived from placing the meat on poles over a smoky fire to prevent insects and other animals from feeding while it was curing. Farming families began using spices along with the salt, and discovered that tough meats can be tenderized. In the Middle Ages and in the early renaissance, foods that were prepared for the upper classes were overly complicated and heavily spiced. La Varenne, a French chef with Italian influences, went against medieval tradition,    and stressed the importance of natural flavors and lighter sauce.Salads and vinaigrettes took the place of heavier cooked foods and became the standard side to roasted meats. It was at this point that the role of garde manger expanded from food preserva tion to the actual preparation of all cold foods consumption, moving them out of the basement and into the kitchen. By the end of the twentieth century the prepackaging of our industry has allowed some great advances in garde manger. Garde manger, â€Å"keeper of the food†, or pantry supervisor, refers to the task of preparing and presenting cold foods.These typically include such food items as salads, hors d'? uvres, cold soups, aspics, and charcuterie. Larger restaurants and hotels may have the need for the garde manger to perform additional duties, such as creating elements for buffet presentation like edible centerpieces made from materials such as ice, cheese, butter, salt dough or tallow. In most modern kitchens the garde manger is synonymous with pantry chef, having duties focusing on salads, soups, cold food items, and dessert plating’s. It is usually the entry level line cook position within a restaurant.The term â€Å"garde manger† originated in pre-Re volutionary France. At that time, maintaining a full supply of food was a symbol of power, wealth and prestige. Noble families had a household steward who would manage their cold store room. The steward was referred to as the â€Å"officer de bouche†, a title that was eventually replaced with â€Å"garde manger†. This position was extremely important, because most of the food was butchered, pickled, salted, cured, or smoked during the fall season and stored for months, all the way into the spring months.It is because of this duty of supervising the preserving of food and managing its use that many interpret the term â€Å"garde manger† as â€Å"keeping to eat†. The position of â€Å"butcher† first developed as a specialty within the garde manger kitchen. As both the cost of and demand for animals for food increased, more space was required for the fabricating and portioning the raw proteins. This need for space was due not only to an upswing in the number of protein sales, but also to the need for separating raw proteins from processed foods to avoid cross-contamination and the resulting possibility of food borne illness.Special â€Å"butcher shops† were created where portion sizes, product deployment, and temperature could be highly controlled. Today butcher shops exist both as standalone establishments and alongside kitchens in large hotels, country clubs and high volume restaurants. Modern garde manger can refer to different things in the professional kitchen. In many restaurants it is a station which is generally an entry level cooking position within the restaurant, as it involves preparing salads or other smaller plates which can be cooked and plated without significant experience.In other high-profile classically influenced restaurants and hotels, the position pertains to the classical preparations. Today Garde Manger is referred to as â€Å"The Art of the Cold Kitchen†. Some may even say it is the arts a nd crafts of the culinary industry. Today's Garde Mangers must behold more than simple food preservation skills. They must have the knowledge and skills to create everything as small as a batch of mayonnaise to something as large and elaborate as ice carving. Some food establishments use the word pantry instead of Garde Manager.Some may even refer to it as the salad station†¦ the list goes on and on. In the restaurant scene the Garde Manger's job is typically plating salads and preparing cold appetizers. In some situations it may even be their job to plate desserts. Some find the experience of working in the Garde Manger extremely challenging and stimulating that they often decide to make it their life long career. The skills needed for the Garde Manger are so extreme that it is often the walkway that leads some to the path of being a great chef, possibly even a famous chef.

Socio-political Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2513 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Literature Essay Type Essay any type Tags: Political Essay Did you like this example? Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) was a German poet, playwright and theatre director. This project will look at the development of Brechts playwriting over time in response to the socio-political changes in Berlin, by evaluating Brechts work in the three periods of different political environments that Brecht was exposed to in Berlin. These should reveal how historical context and political stance shaped his work. Some reference will be made to the plays mentioned, due to their content and the different times in which they were written. Academic and contemporary responses mentioned in this project were mostly acquired at the Brecht Haus archive in Berlin on 14th February 2008. During the First World War, Brecht doubted in a school essay whether it was honourable to die for your nation and this feeling was heightened when he had to serve in the war as a medical orderly in 1918 (Rosenhaft, 1994). His first plays were written as the war ended; the working tit le of one of his first was Spartakus (later published as Drums of the Night), after the organisation of the German revolutionaries Luxemburg and Liebknecht. Brechts radical side is clear in his early plays; he talks about the decay and corruption of the bourgeois society that he felt a part of (Meech, 1994). Yet arguably at this point in time, Brecht was â€Å"a bohemian rather than a Marxist† (Schoeps, 1992). The polarisation of the Weimar Republic and the rise of fascism that resulted in stronger political beliefs and works in the late 1920s (Fetscher, 1980). Saint Joan of the Stockyards, an allegory on the workings of the stock exchange, is an example of this (McCullough, 1994). The Weimar Republic saw the increasing commercialisation of leisure activity with the rise of popular entertainment (cinema, sports, dance, jazz, etc) (Rosenhaft, 1994). The educated, bourgeois audience was being replaced by a broader audience. This cultural democratisation affected the role of the writer (Silberman, 1993). Some traditionalists sought new ways of asserting their elitism whilst others like Brecht began to develop a habit of production that submerged the authors subjectivity within a collective (Meech, 1994) as seen with the adaptations of Marlowes Life of Edward the Second (1924) and Man Equals Man (1926). The notion of aesthetic activity as production rather than creation, theorised by Brecht in his essay The Threepenny Lawsuit (1932) indicates this shift. Social changes have therefore directly impacted Brechts style of writing and theoretical concepts of theatre. Brecht was taught Marxism in the late 1920s twenties by Korsch and Benjamin, both anti-Stalinists (Esslin, 1959). Brecht supported the KPD, a mass party that to him seemed the only force capable of confronting Hitler, unlike the main Trotskyist organisation in Berlin with only 50 members (Windisch Brandon, 2006). He would not have had much opportunity to influence events othe rwise. Brechts turn to Marxism changed his approach to theatre. He rejected the naturalistic style that presented the audience with a perfect illusion of reality. For productions of Drums of the Night, he suggested hanging a banner above the stage saying â€Å"Dont Stare So Romantically!† Ironically, the need for a new form of theatre became obvious to him after his biggest financial success. The Threepenny Opera (1928) illustrated begging as an organised trade, with criminals working hand in glove with the police. But rather than shocking bourgeois audiences, the play was a huge success (Schmidt, 1992). Audiences loved music, while Brechts critique of capitalism did not attract much attention. Brecht was involved in the conflicts at the end of the Weimar Republic. One month after the premiere of The Mother (1932), police ordered that the play could be recited but not played. The production of another play was stopped because Nazis were assaulting the actors (Windisc h Brandon, 2006). Brechts vision of a more humane society changed with the rise of fascism (Silberman, 1993). He usually failed to represent convincingly the alternative order that could confront fascism, as seen in Fear and Misery of the Third Reich (1938), The Business Affairs of Mr. Julius Caesar (1938-39), and the Book of Changes (1935-42). As a Marxist, when the Nazis gained power, Brecht went into exile, staying close to the German border in Denmark and Finland to support the anti-fascist struggle until the war forced him to leave for the USA (1941). Until the end of WWII, Brechts plays rarely reached the stage. Yet the plays written in exile are his most famous today. Brecht expressed opposition to National Socialist and Fascist movements in Galileo, Mother Courage and Her Children, The Good Person of Szechwan, The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, and The Caucasian Chalk Circle. Mother Courage, for example, is torn between protecting her children from the war and ma king a profit out of the Thirty Years War (Leach, 1994). Key themes in the play include war as business, virtue in wartime and morality. None of those plays put simple answers to the moral questions they raise, and none of them are simple propaganda pieces. Rather, they show how the possibilities of the individual characters are limited by social conditions, and they force the viewer to think about the limits of â€Å"common sense† moral judgements (Windisch Brandon, 2006). Brecht focused on new representation. On the one hand, the formal reductionism of the parable plays from this period seems to function as a kind of protective shield against the impossible contradictions of reality, but on the other, the shift in subject and technique to more deliberate forms of distancing de-centres the text-audience relation by transferring the utopian imagination into the spectators themselves (Silberman, 1993). The prologue to The Caucasian Chalk Circle (1944) suggests the political and poetic utopia Brecht envisioned in his mature plays. Brechts invitation to return to the GDR, enticed by offer of own theatre and company, shows that although Brecht was not a member of the Communist Party, his allegiances were sincere (Esslin, 1959). The impressive Berliner Ensemble, visited on 15th February 2008, solely for the use of Brechts work and directing, and his work still dominates the theatre today (fieldtrip, 2008). He spent his last years defining and reworking his ideas. Although towards the end of his life Brecht wrote few plays, some famous poems have emerged from after the Second World War (Rundell, 1980). The Solution was Brechts commentary on uprising (1953) the GDR; he supported government measures taken to crush the uprising, including the use of Soviet military force, despite his concern for the protesting people as well. His allegiance to the communist regime is portrayed in The Days of the Commune, which is based on the proletariat revolution of the Paris Commune in 1871, which attempted to bring about a revolution through the working class. Brecht is often criticised for returning to the GDR (Fetscher, 1980). In fact, exile gave Brecht first-hand experience of the ‘freedom of the West. He was blacklisted out of 40 scripts he wrote, one was accepted for filming, and this was cut severely by Hollywood that Brecht withdrew it. Brechts commitments were leftist enough to provoke HUACs investigation in 1947 and the refusal of visas for travel to West Germany under US control (Kruger, 2004). Brecht also came into conflict with the Stalinist cultural bureaucracy. They forced him to make changes in several productions and even stopped two of them (Esslin, 1959). Brecht received support for his theatre in East Germany but he expressed private reservations about SED policy, especially after the workers uprising on 17 June 1953 challenged the partys claim to lead a â€Å"workers and peasants state† (Kruger, 2004). Brechts relation to the GDR regime remained contradictory. On the one hand, he said it would be better to have a bad socialism than to have none, he also disliked the dictatorship. When the Berlin workers uprising (1953) was repressed, he wrote a letter to the general secretary of the Communist Party in which he called for dialogue (Esslin, 1959). Only his last sentence backing the government was published. Hi call for dialogue, I believe, had two aims. Firstly, to reinstate peace amongst the campaigning people, as it seems unlikely Brecht would have spoken publicly against the GDR regime, despite his dissatisfaction with the scenario. Secondly, because of his pro-GDR regime status and his status as a GDR icon, his words would be more trusted by both parties. There is much argument over Brechts true thoughts regarding the 1953 uprising. In private, Brecht was more outspoken. In his unpublished poem The Solution, he ironically asks, â€Å"If the people had forfeited the confidence of the government, would it not be easier to dissolve the people and elect another?† Brecht intended his theatre to be a critique of society, believing that theatres function was to educate, and to achieve this he created his epic theatre theory. â€Å"A play should not cause the spectator to emotionally identify with the action before him or her, but should instead provoke rational self-reflection and a critical view of the actions on the stage†. Brecht wanted audiences to use critical perspective to identify social ills and therefore effect change, having described his plays as a collective political meeting in which the audience is to participate actively (Brooker, 1994). For this purpose, Brecht employed the use of techniques that remind spectators the play is a representation of reality and not reality itself called the alienation effect (Esslin, 1959). To achieve this, he ripped up the traditional five act structure of stat ic drama. Inspired by Russian revolutionary theatre, he looked for ways to interrupt the main plot (Windisch Brandon, 2006). For example, he used comments on the action directed to the audience, songs in between and projections of text with extra information. To undermine the natural curiosity of the audience, he used an announcer to summarise the scene before it was shown. This allowed him to show that the course of events is not simply given, and therefore demands choices and active intervention. The political side of his plays became harder to ignore. A good example is The Mother, which is set during the Russian 1905 revolution, showing a mother who wants to free her Bolshevik son from jail and how by doing so she gradually becomes convinced of Communism herself (Windisch Brandon, 2006). Brecht chose historical settings as another means of creating a distance between the viewer and the play. In Galileo Galilei, the struggle between the scientist and the Catholic Ch urch served as the scene for a debate on the tensions between individual beliefs and the way our rulers try to control our thoughts (Weber, 1980). Brechts has attracted immense controversy since his early theatrical successes in the 1920s, having been compared to Shakespeare (Laughton); Brecht is considered one of the great playwrights and directors of the 20th century. Over 50 years after his death, his plays along with those of Chekhov are the most frequently performed works (Fuegi, 1995). As Brook has emphasised: â€Å"Brecht is the key figure of our time, and all theatre work today at some point starts or returns to his statements and achievement†. But much praise for his ability and work is usually held up because of his Marxist views. This political allegiance has annoyed some critics like Willet, who has chosen to look upon it as something unfortunate but incidental to his achievements. Bentley also expresses his disappointment: Brecht â€Å"would be a be tter writer if he gave up Marxism†. Others oppose his work on the grounds that it is propagandistic and lacks the subjective sentiments accessible only through a more personal theatre of individual experience. Inevitably, commentators are forced to approach Brecht by addressing not only his plays but also his writings on theatre as well as the way he directed productions. Mostly they decide to deal with his technical expertise in isolation from his politics (Fuegi, 1995). Brecht is seen as a modern dramatist and poet worthy of careful study, and of no more particular interest except that he also happened to be political (Breuer 1992, Weber 1992). This purposeful attempt to neglect the political Brecht is frustrating because of its success in obscuring the relevance of his achievements, despite his surviving attempts by fascism to destroy its revolutionary content and undermine its significance. Most commentators have failed to understand the rationale of the method involved. But Brecht was quite clear about what he wanted and how he proposed to get it. When he referred to Marx as â€Å"the only audience for my plays that I had come across†, Brecht was describing a primary focus that is lost on his many critics. He did not mean that only Marxists could understand his plays. Rather it was Marxists alone who could understand what he was trying to do. Brecht comprehended how controlling cultural production had become under capitalism. His response was to do something about it by creating a theatre that sought to redefine the relationship between audience and performance (Trommler, 1980). Yet the historical illusions of modernism have become a problem of positioning oneself subjectively in a post-modern age when evaluating the subject of this study. Brecht was a communist without a party card. He could write only on commission from the party, their precarious status did not hinder him from criticising the policies of the party as we ll as praising its goals (Volker, 1987). His critiques were never simply blunt attacks, but were handled lightly with wit and satire. However, the party officials did not appreciate his critical irony, but preferred instead the sympathetic tracts of bourgeois authors. Brechts communist allegiances have also led to numerous attempts by the mainstream art world to degrade his legacy either by claiming that his plays are worthless Stalinist propaganda, or by claiming that they are worthwhile despite the politics (Windisch Brandon, 2006). Yet Brechts popularity has depended on misreading since 1928, when The Ballad of Mack the Knife song performed as part of The Threepenny Opera in Berlin became one of the most-recorded standards in the history of pop music. Brecht (and his composer Weill) might have wanted an art that hastens the overthrow of capitalism; instead they got covers from Darin and Sinatra (Tonkin, 2006). Depoliticising Brecht, however, is a difficult job he wrote plays with titles such as The Seven Deadly Sins of the Petty Bourgeoisie and Days of the Commune, and poems like The Song of the Class Enemy (Windisch Brandon, 2006). Brechts period in exile was a fight against material want, persecution, betrayal, and political disappointment (Volker, 1987). The last years of his life were spent in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), because he wanted another Germany based on the principles of peace and socialism. There, he was able to preserve his independence and artistic integrity. He welcomed the politicisation of art while vigorously defending his work against any state ideology (Volker, 1987). His theatre, the Berliner Ensemble, was opposed to the official GDR doctrine on art (Socialist Realism) and to the German Stanislavski tradition (naturalism) (Etkind, 1980). On principle, he rejected the use of art and theatre to conform to state requirements of taste. Brechts main contribution, then, is to be found in the innovativ e ways he devised for examining history and making the processes of history visible as changeable ones (Trommler, 1980). Brechts impact is not to be found in any recipes he may have provided but rather in the possibility of his writings to enable our own creativity in thinking about historical truths and processes (Silberman, 1993). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Socio-political Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order