Beneath the Cross Catholics and Huguenots In Sixteenth Century France Free Essays

Barbara B. Diefendorf, a distinguished historian, narrates the events prior to the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in France. We will write a custom essay sample on Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots In Sixteenth Century France or any similar topic only for you Order Now The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre was a way for the ruling French monarchy to dispose or eliminate all Huguenots in France. After the Protestant Reformation in Germany, there was a diversification of the Protestant faith all over Europe. In Switzerland, Zwingli established a sect that mixed Orthodox Catholicism and Lutheranism. In England, Henry VIII declared himself as the supreme head of the Church of England, without changing traditional elements of Catholic faith. In Geneva, a zealous preacher, John Calvin, taught the doctrine of predestination. According to this doctrine, before a man is born, his soul was ordained by God to be in either heaven or hell. Man, even by his own freewill, cannot change his destination. Thus, in order to assail his own salvation, he must show to the world that he is destined to heaven. The trajectory of life, according to Calvin, is cloaked with uncertainty of the afterlife. This doctrine shocked the even Calvin’s Protestant contemporaries, notably Luther and Zwingli. The Pope even agreed with other Protestant leaders that such faith could not be Christian or borne out of Christ-centered faith. Thus, the first seed of persecution was released. Among all Protestant faiths, Calvinism suffered the longest and most brutal persecution. Other factors also contributed to the Calvinist persecution in Europe (especially in France). Among were as follows: 1) The Huguenots were able to acquire political and economic power (thus assuming significance in European affairs; 2) The new faith rejected the absolute power of the monarchy. It proposed a new social system that relies heavily on communalism and brotherhood; 3) And, pressure from the Papacy forced Catholic countries to realign their policies toward traditional faith and social system (this was a reactionary move to the ideals of Calvinism). Main Theme of the Book In the book, the main theme can be summed up as: the gradual toleration of Huguenots in France generally resulted to increasing persecution of the adherents of Calvinism (although Huguenots comprised only 5% of the French population). The resulting struggle between Catholics and Huguenots was known as â€Å"The Wars of Religion. † For more than two centuries, France was the scene of legal and military struggle between the two factions, until Cardinal Richelieu (the regent of Louis XIII) and King Louis XIV destroyed the last bastions of Huguenots in France. The main theme is subdivided into three sub themes. Here are as follows: 1) The first stage of the conflict (from 1557 to 1563) was characterized by breakdown of order in the city of Paris. The Huguenots were initially granted toleration in the Edict of Amboise; 2) The second stage (from 1563 to 1577) was seen as the initial criss-cross theological battle of Catholic and Huguenot theologians in some of Europe’s prestigious universities. Catholic theologians were led by the Jesuits. Huguenot professors were headed by the first students of Calvin; 3) The third stage (from 1567 to 1572) was provoked by religious discontent of both Catholics and Huguenots. Catholics (especially the nobility and the French monarchy) wanted the deterioration of the economic and political power of the Huguenots. The Huguenots demanded more toleration (the opening of more districts for Huguenot worship and the removal of Huguenot books from the list of forbidden books). This was the period prior to the St. Bartholomew’s Massacre. Results Many Catholics in France felt that the degree of toleration granted to the Huguenots (the followers of Calvin) was more than enough to destroy the authority of the Church and the Catholic monarchy. There was an increasing call among traditionalists to destroy the very foundation of Calvinism: their worship districts. Admiral Coligny, the leader of the Huguenots, was severely wounded after an assassination. Several clashes between Catholic and Huguenots were notably in most of France’s major cities. On the night of august 23, a decision was taken at the Louvre to kill Coligny and the entire Huguenot hierarchy. Catherine de Medici, the mother queen, forced his son Charles IX to sign the order. Thus the infamous massacre in history finally came. Generally, the result of â€Å"The Wars of Religion† was the destruction of Huguenot power and the restoration of Catholicism as the official state religion of France. Methods The use of â€Å"historical documents† was highly noted in the book. Several documents dating back to the sixteenth century were presented to compound the main thoughts of the author. There was also a heavy reliance on the use of autobiographies, especially that of the Huguenot leaders who survived the massacre. In general, the methods used by the author were complex in structure and analytical in form. General Critique The author was able to historically â€Å"slice† the events prior to the Huguenot massacre. This is unlike other history books where events were seen as linear progression of cause and effect. Here, events were treated as a web of related forms, leading to a major event. It failed though to explain the â€Å"conditions† which gave Huguenots tremendous power in France despite their minute number. BIBLIOGRAPHY Diefendorf, Barbara B. Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris. (New York: Oxford UP, 1991). How to cite Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots In Sixteenth Century France, Papers

Satisfaction Level of Government Sector Employees †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Satisfaction Level of Government Sector Employees. Answer: Introduction: Job satisfaction is the combination of feelings an employee possess towards his job and role. It is a subjective variable that ascertains whether employees expectations are met or not while working for an organization. Job satisfaction refers to the contentment an employee derives from the job which directly affects his commitment towards the organization (Kaliski, 2007). It has been proved in many studies that job satisfaction yields productivity on the job. An employee who feels satisfied with his job tends to perform excellently as compared to his counterparts who do not feel the same (Lease, 1998). Job satisfaction is a strong indicator of employees attitude at the job (Saari Timothy, 2004). The process of measuring job satisfaction can be complicated and may give incoherent outcomes. The reason lies in the fact that job satisfaction is a subjective phenomenon. The components that potentially affect an employees level of satisfaction with job vary from person to person. Some people give more importance to financial rewards whereas others focus on career growth opportunities in the organization. Furthermore, the factors affecting job satisfaction can be intrinsic or extrinsic in different cases. The organization needs a comprehensive method that exclusively coves the affective, cognitive and behavioural elements while assessing the level of job satisfaction in the firm. Proposed measures of job satisfaction Job satisfaction is the product of the interplay between various elements related to a job. The two most critical measures of job satisfaction are psychological factors and organizational factors. Psychological factors such as opportunities for growth, acknowledgement, feedback for improvement, the scope for innovation, relationship with superiors, autonomy and flexibility help in building a positive or negative attitude towards the job (Neog Barua, 2014). The presence of these elements facilitates in creating an affirmative work culture where employees feel motivated to perform at higher levels (Jiskani, Bhatti Ahmed, 2011). The organizational measures such as compensation management, financial and non-financial rewards, performance management system and company policies play a crucial role in assessing the employees job satisfaction level. These factors are explicit as they are vital in fulfilling the lower order needs (Aydin Bulent, 2009). A transparent and systematic performance appraisal process ensures that every employee receives a fair reward for his performance (Stredwick, 2005). The organizational measures should be given equal importance while measuring the job satisfaction to create a committed and empowered workforce. The psychological and organizational measures of job satisfaction are two critical aspects of a job. According to Herzberg two factor theory (1959), organizational factors are hygiene factors whose absence may cause dissatisfaction in the workplace. However, their presence doesnt guarantee job satisfaction unless motivators or psychological factors are present also. Therefore, the motivators like recognition, autonomy at work play an instrumental role in bringing satisfaction because they are inherent (Herzberg, Mausner Synderman, 1959). It is a vital fact that both measures of job satisfaction bear a significant magnitude in creating an overall impact on job satisfaction (Stredwick, 2005). It is advisable that the company in concern should devise a process with a balanced approach between the two measures of job satisfaction. Strategies to increase job satisfaction This section focuses on some concrete strategies that should be implemented to enhance the level of job satisfaction in the organization. A comprehensive effort at the system level is necessary for sustainable results. Some strategies for increasing employee contentment at the workplace are discussed below. Foster an organic culture. The primary characteristic of organic corporate culture is the empowered employees who are free to experiment and innovate. In the organic culture, communication takes place in all the directions (Hage, 1965). Employees get invitations to express their opinions and views on all the strategic matters. Further, employees get frequent recognition for their contributions at the individual and team level. They get learning opportunities so that they can study latest technology and skills prevailing in the market. Employees trust their leaders and managers. They collaborate, coordinate and connect with others to create a friendly work environment which yields higher productivity (Lunenburg, 2012). The report recommends that the company should flatten the hierarchy and adopt a team-based work philosophy so that the decision making can be decentralized and employees feel engaged and empowered. Further, the communication channels must be strengthened to motivate emp loyees to share honest feedback, creative ideas and constructive suggestions. The report also recommends building value and ethics-driven work culture. Provide competitive compensation packages. It is advisable that the company must give salaries, perks and benefits after considering the ongoing rates. If needed, it is desirable to conduct a job evaluation to determine the worth of every job to revise the packages accordingly. The non-financial benefits should also be adequately included to create a balanced salary structure. Additionally, work-life balance is a crucial factor these days. The company can offer flexible working hours, work-from-home and other benefits to increase job satisfaction among employees. The opportunities for promotion, incentives, and increments play a significant role in boosting the morale of employees. The benefits related to health, maternity, retirement and social security are equally important. Create Assessment Centres. Assessment centres help in gauging the potential of employees to prepare them for higher and strategic positions. Assessment centres efficiently help in skill mapping and drawing the gap between present skills and required skills to create a competitive workforce (Tripathi, 2016). The centre judges the emotional, cognitive and behavioural competencies of employees and helps in improving them continuously. The report recommends developing a dedicated assessment centre for career and succession planning of employees. Employees feel satisfied and worthy when they get chances for training and learning on a regular basis. Conclusion Convincingly, job satisfaction is an integral element of a competitive workforce in which employees are loyal, committed and efficient. The presence of hygiene and motivating factors help in raising the level of job satisfaction in the workplace. The recommended strategies and interventions are bound to produce a positive impact on the overall job satisfaction of employees through planned implementation and execution. References Aydin Bulent. (2009). A research analysis on employee satisfaction in terms of organizational culture and spiritual leadership. International Journal of Management. Hage, J. (1965). An axiomatic theory of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, 289-320. Herzberg, F, Mausner, B, Snyderman, B. (1959).The motivation to work(2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. Jiskani, S., Bhatti, K., Ahmed, S. (2011). Measuring job satisfaction level of government sector employees: A case of bureau of statistics, Government of Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 7(1), 19-26. Kaliski, B.S. (2007). Encyclopaedia of business and finance (2nd ed.). Detroit: Thompson Gale. Lease, S. H. (1998). Annual review, 19931997: Work attitudes and outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 53(2), 154183. Lunenburg, F. (2012). Mechanistic-organic organizationsAn axiomatic theory: authority based on bureaucracy or professional norms. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity 14(1), 1-7. Neog, B., Barua, M. (2014). Factors influencing employees job satisfaction: An empirical study among employees of automobile service workshops in Assam. The SIJ Transactions on Industrial, Financial Business Management 2 (7), 305-316. Saari, L. Judge, T. (2004). Employee attitudes and job satisfaction. Human Resource Management, 43(4), 395-407. Stredwick, J. (2005). Introduction to human resource management, 2nd ed., Burlington: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann. Tripathi, R. (2016). Assessment centres: benefits and shortcomings. Emerging Research in Management Technology, 5(2), 1-34.

Asprin essays

Asprin essays The discovery of aspirin dates back to the 5th century B.C., when Hippocrates used a powder from the bark of a willow tree to ease minor pains, reduce fevers and to help with childbirth. The willow tree powder was actually salicin, the pharmacological ancestor to the family of drugs known as salicylates. The best known of which is aspirin. Later efforts where made to neutralize salicin with sodium, but unfortunately turned out to be useless. In 1853 a French chemist named Charles Fredric Gerhardt tried to improve sodium salicylate in 1853. He combined it with acetyl chloride, which proved to be less irritating to the stomach. After a few years of hard work, Gerhardt didnt see any future with this concoction and soon abandoned it. In 1899 a German chemist, Felix Hoffmann set out to find a formulation to relieve his fathers arthritis pain. Hoffman used Gerhardts research to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a compound that appeared to lower fever, reduce pain and at high doses relieved arthritis. Hoffmann, who worked for Bayer, took his research to his superiors. They, however, doubted the commercial success of ASA. This was because ASA commonly caused shortness of breath and very high heart rates when taken in large doses. Fredrick Bayer in is the common drug ending of that time. When Bayer marketed the drug in 1897, they had no idea that it would turn out to be the most commonly used pain reliever in history. Aspirin works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that influence the elasticity of blood vessels, control urine contractions, and the direct functioning of blood platelets. Blood platelets cause blood clots and regulate numerous body functions. John Vane, Ph....

Free Essays on Malcolm X

On May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, Louise Little gave birth to a son, Malcom. Both she and Malcom's father, a Baptist preacher named Earl, were members of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement. Including Malcom, there were eight children in the Little family. When Malcolm was an infant, his family was forced to move to Lansing, Michigan after being driven from Omaha by the Ku Klux Klan. Once in Lansing, their house was burned down by a white hate group called the Black Legionnaires. Earl Little died when Malcolm was six years old. After his father died, Malcom's mother had a mental breakdown. With no one to care for them, all eight children were sent to foster homes. Malcolm dropped out of school after the 8th grade. Soon after, he became involved in hustling, drug dealing, and burglaries. This criminal lifestyle landed him in the penitentiary where he spent six years, from 1946 to 1952. During his prison term, Malcolm turned to religion for answers. When he was re leased he became a minister for the nation of Islam. He was the national spokesman for Elijah Muhammed. The Nation of Islam grew from several hundred members to hundreds of thousands of members under Malcolm's leadership. The organization built 40 temples in the and bought 30 radio stations nationwide. The Nation of Islam recruited members from ghetto poor communities, people from the prisons, hustlers, drug dealers, pimps, prostitutes, and thieves. These people were believed to be, â€Å"ethically impoverished by white racist neglect of their fundamental needs.† These fundamental needs were "self-respect, social dignity, to understand their royal black history, and to worship and serve a black god." The Nation of Islam also believed women were a â€Å"lethal source of deception and seduction from within.† The women had to wear a modest dress, they were under close supervision of men, and they were relegated to the background. In March of 1964 Malcolm left... Free Essays on Malcolm X Free Essays on Malcolm X Malcolm X was probably one of the most controversial elements in the civil rights movement. Malcolm X had become a member of the Nation of Islam in his earlier years. The Islamic faith borrows basic ideas from the orthodox teachings of Islam and combines them with the very racist views regarding whites taught by Elijah Mohammed. Malcolm was a very influential priest for the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X questioned some of the views and beliefs of the Nation of Islam, which made Mr. Mohammed and the rest of the Nation angry. This forced Malcolm to travel on a journey overseas to find out what his true beliefs were. When he reached Arabia, he found that it was a different society than that of which Elijah Mohammed had described it. Malcolm discovered that race played no role in determining a person's status in society. Viewing this made a positive change in Malcolm X's beliefs and views. This unity of human kind made Malcolm think and change his ideas about the solution to the racial prob lem in America. This was the most influential turning point in his life. Malcolm first adopted his views and beliefs of the Nation of Islam while he was serving time in prison. By the time he had gotten out of prison, he had undergone a transformation from a drug-dealing thief to a religious priest for his newfound faith, the Nation of Islam. Malcolm had taken on in full Mr. Mohammed's racist teachings. It was through these teachings that Malcolm X developed his radical views about race in America. Under the guidance and teachings of Elijah Mohammed, Malcolm had targeted all whites and blamed them for position of African Americans in society. He referred to the whites as devils, which tried making the standards of blacks even lower then they already were. Malcolm X believed that complete segregation was the only way to end racial problems in America. He also said that all actions committed against blacks in history were due to the white race as a whole... Free Essays on Malcolm X They were black men who had a dream, but never lived to see it fulfilled. One was a man who spoke out to all humanity, but the world was not yet ready for his peaceful words, " I have a dream, a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of it's creed†¦ that all men are created equal." (Martin Luther King). The other, a man who spoke of a violent revolution, which would bring about radical change for the black race. " Anything you can think of that you want to change right now, the only way you can do it is with a ballot or a bullet. And if you're not ready to get involved with either only of those, you are satisfied with the status quo. That means we'll have to change." (Malcolm X) While Martin Luther King promoted non-violence, Civil Rights, and the end to racial segregation, a man of the name Malcom X dreamed of a separate nation. Malcom Little was born on May 19, 1925 and came from an underprivileged home. He was a self-taught man who received little schooling and rose to greatness on his own intelligence and determination. The early background of Malcolm X was a large factor responsible for the distinct different responses to American racism. During his childhood, He was raised in a harsh atmosphere consisting of fear and anger where the seeds of bitterness were planted resulting in his attitude effecting his decisions later in live. Malcolm X suffered not only from abuse by whites, but also from domestic violence. His father beat his mother and both of them abused their children. His mother was forced to raise 8 children during the depression. After his mother had a nervous breakdown his family was spilt up. The children were all placed in foster homes. And the burning of his house by the Klu Klux Klan resulted in the murder of his father. Malcolm's resentment was increased as he suffered through these hard ships, and he was haunted by this early nightmare for most of his life. From then on, he w... Free Essays on Malcolm X Autobiography of Malcolm X The hardest part of this story is trying to capture the significance to every word and detail that’s written. The only idea that could flow the reader’s mind is, â€Å"Where exactly is this story going?† and it is as though the writer understands this pondering and answers, â€Å"I would not spend one hour in the preparation of a book which had the ambition to perhaps titillate some readers. But I am spending many hours because the full story is the best way that I know to have seen, and understood, that I had sunk to the very bottom of the American white man’s society†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (153). While making sense and finally putting the wandering mind out of its misery; it grabs the reader and pushes it to move on throughout the book. If the author wanted to titillate, writing this realistic experience was the way to do so. Malcolm Little was born on May 19, 1925 and came from an underprivileged home. He was a self-taught man who received little schooling and rose to greatness on his own intelligence and determination. The early background of Malcolm X was a large factor responsible for the distinct different responses to American racism. During his childhood, he was raised in a harsh atmosphere consisting of fear and anger where the seeds of bitterness were planted resulting in his attitude effecting his decisions later in life. Malcolm X suffered not only from abuse by whites, but also from domestic violence. His father beat his mother and both of them abused their children. His mother was forced to raise 8 children during the depression. After his mother had a nervous breakdown his family was spilt up. The children were all placed in foster homes. The burning of his house by the Ku Klux Klan resulted in the murder of his father. Malcolm’s resentment was increased as he suffered through these hardships, and he was haunted by this early nightmare for most of his life. From then on, hatred and desire for revenge... Free Essays on Malcolm X On May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, Louise Little gave birth to a son, Malcom. Both she and Malcom's father, a Baptist preacher named Earl, were members of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement. Including Malcom, there were eight children in the Little family. When Malcolm was an infant, his family was forced to move to Lansing, Michigan after being driven from Omaha by the Ku Klux Klan. Once in Lansing, their house was burned down by a white hate group called the Black Legionnaires. Earl Little died when Malcolm was six years old. After his father died, Malcom's mother had a mental breakdown. With no one to care for them, all eight children were sent to foster homes. Malcolm dropped out of school after the 8th grade. Soon after, he became involved in hustling, drug dealing, and burglaries. This criminal lifestyle landed him in the penitentiary where he spent six years, from 1946 to 1952. During his prison term, Malcolm turned to religion for answers. When he was re leased he became a minister for the nation of Islam. He was the national spokesman for Elijah Muhammed. The Nation of Islam grew from several hundred members to hundreds of thousands of members under Malcolm's leadership. The organization built 40 temples in the and bought 30 radio stations nationwide. The Nation of Islam recruited members from ghetto poor communities, people from the prisons, hustlers, drug dealers, pimps, prostitutes, and thieves. These people were believed to be, â€Å"ethically impoverished by white racist neglect of their fundamental needs.† These fundamental needs were "self-respect, social dignity, to understand their royal black history, and to worship and serve a black god." The Nation of Islam also believed women were a â€Å"lethal source of deception and seduction from within.† The women had to wear a modest dress, they were under close supervision of men, and they were relegated to the background. In March of 1964 Malcolm left... Free Essays on Malcolm X Early Life On May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, Malcolm Little was born to Reverend Earl and Louise Little. Rev. Little, who believed in self-determination and worked for the unity of black people. Malcolm was raised in a background of ethnic awareness and dignity, but violence was sparked by white racists trying to stop black people such as Rev. Little from preaching the black cause. The history of Malcolm's dedication to black people, like that of his father, may have been motivated by a long history of oppression of his family. As a young child, Malcolm, his parents, brothers, and sisters were shot at, burned out of their home, harassed, and threatened. This culminated in the murder of his father by white racists when Malcolm was six. Malcolm became a drop-out from school at the age of fifteen. Learning the ways of the streets, Malcolm became acquainted with hoodlums, thieves, dope peddlers, and pimps. Convicted of burglary at twenty, he remained in prison until the age of twenty-seven. During his prison stay he attempted to educate himself. In addition, during his period in prison he learned about and joined the Nation of Islam, studying the teachings of Elijah Muhammed fully. He was released, a changed man, in 1952. The Nation of Islam Upon his release, Malcolm went to Detroit, joined the daily activities of the sect, and was given instruction by Elijah Muhammad himself. Malcolm's personal commitment helped build the organization nation-wide, while making him an international figure. He was interviewed on major television programs and by magazines, and spoke across the country at various universities and other forums. His power was in his words, which so vividly described the plight of blacks and vehemently incriminated whites. When a white person referred to the fact that some Southern university had enrolled black freshmen without bay... Free Essays on Malcolm X Malcolm Little, also known as Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother, Louise Little was born in Grenada, a city in the British West Indies. His father, Earl Little was a very dark skinned man from Reynolds, Georgia who married Louise just after the birth of young Malcolm. Earl Little was a Baptist minister and organizer for Marcus Garvey. Marcus Garvey wanted and believed that all African-Americans should go back to the â€Å"home land†, Africa. Earl’s teachings of Garvey’s movement caused the whole family to be terrorized by the Ku Klux Klan. To avoid any more harassment be the group, Earl Little moved his family to Lansing, Michigan. Earl’s dreams of getting away from the white racists didn’t come true. Michigan’s chapter of the group beat Earl Little brutally with a hammer and left him for dead on a railroad track. Alone with no money, Louise Little was left to provide for her children, but the task proved too difficult and she had a nervous breakdown. The white authorities sent her to a mental institution. The Little children were forced to separate. Malcolm Little lived with a number of deferent families. All of Malcolm’s family was separated and he attended school until eighth grade. He was the only colored person in his school. He achieved the highest grades in his class, but his peers still didn’t accept him because of his color. When his teacher stopped him from trying to become a lawyer because the job was accessible only for whites, Malcolm dropped out of school and went to his older half sister, Ella, who lived in Boston. There, he took a job as a shoeshine boy at the Roseland Ballroom. Malcolm was described as a hard worker, but he didn’t make a lot of money. A career as a hustler seemed a more tempting option. He saw the hustlers around and saw their clothes, women, and money. Soon Malcolm Little started selling drugs. He slipped into the role of a black hustler. He m... Free Essays on Malcolm X Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother Louis Norton Little was a homemaker taking care of the family's eight children. His father, Earl Little, was a Baptist minister and supporter of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. There Michigan home was burned to the ground, and two years later Earl's mutilated body was found lying across the town's trolley tracks. Police ruled both accidents, but the Little's knew that members of the Black Legion did it. Louise had a breakdown several years after the death of her husband and was committed to a mental institution. Her children were split up in foster homes and orphanages. Malcolm was a smart, focused student and graduated from junior high at the top of his class. However, when a favorite teacher told Malcolm his dream of becoming a lawyer was "no realistic goal for a nigger," Malcolm lost interest in school. He dropped out, spent some time in Boston, Massachusetts working diferent jobs, and then wnet to Harlem, New York where he caused troble. Eventually Malcolm and his buddy, Malcolm "Shorty" Jarvis, moved back to Boston, where they were arrested and convicted for burglary in 1946. Malcolm It was during this time that Malcolm's brother Reginald visited and discussed his converson to the Muslim religious organization the Nation of Islam. Then Malcolm studie the Islam leader Elijah Muhammad. Among other things, the Nation of Islam fought for a state of their own, separate from one where white people lived. By the time he was paroled in 1952, Malcolm was a devoted follower with the new surname "X." He considered "Little" a slave name and chose the "X" to signify his lost tribal name.... Free Essays on Malcolm X Humans are shaped through interactions and experiences with other individuals. What happened to us in the childhood directly forms our identity, character and morality. Malcolm Little, also known as Malcolm X experienced childhood full of hurdles. He had to face them only because of the dark color of his skin. One of those hurdles was the murder of his father, who as Baptist minister fought for improvement of life of black community. Wrongful death of a head of the family bestowed intensive psychological pressures and financial difficulties on Malcolm and his family. An unstable situation in the family forced very young Malcolm to steal, starve and to look desperately for food. Under these demoralizing circumstances at young age, he was pressured to violate the law to fulfill the very basic need for food. As soon as Malcolm's mother unfairly lost her job because of her skin color, welfare state people ate away family's pride and dignity. Their forced visits and conversations disintegrated the family by telling them lies against each other. Welfare people finally brought family to its knees and separated its members from each other. Thus Malcolm was forced to leave behind the closest people to his heart. That left him naked to racist acts, opinions and judgments of white individuals who underestimated his abilities and skills. Because of the absence of his parents, it became difficult for Malcolm to talk to someone about his problems. Things that he experienced in school changed his life substantially. It's known that a teacher can play special role in the life of every student. However, one teacher that young Malcolm seemed to trust discouraged and humiliated his talent despite excellent performance in school. Malcolm naturally expected his abilities to be reaffirmed by his teacher, but instead he was discouraged to pursue his dream. It's important to mention that Malcolm was never considered equal to any white student even though he...

The History of Human Resources Management Research Paper

The History of Human Resources Management - Research Paper Example Industrial relations and organizational behavior are much the same paving the way for HRM as the ideal management model responsive to the pressures of intensive competitive forces. By definition, HRM simply refers to a system of operational management designed to ensure effective and efficient use of human talents in accomplishing organizational objectives (Mathis & Jackson, 2007). The function of HRM in the business enterprise has a long history, with roots right in the rise of modern industry in the nineteenth century. This article endeavors to put into perspective the history and development of the subject matter at hand, providing in part its progressive nature into the modern status. The Genesis and Early Development of HRM A generic thought that involves the management of labor services in production, human resource management (HRM) has its origin in the establishment of formal enterprises during the course of human history. Though recent in its use within the academic circles and/or in industrial developments [barely two decades old], the ideas engendered in "human resource management" are old and goes back to the dawn of human history. It [human resource management] has, thus, only undergone social and economic makeovers from earlier forms of administration through history, necessitating name changes a couple of times to accommodate the various productivity optimization add-ons. HRM as practiced today has two distinct antecedents: the emergence of industrial welfare in the 1800s and the creation of separate recruitment and selection offices/departments in the 1900s. The 1800s, particularly in the 1830s onwards, quite a number of companies begun the provision of various workplace and family amenities that included medical cover, housing, libraries , recreational programs, among other free services deemed important for effective and efficient production (Gospel, 1992). The inclusion of these extra services, reportedly pioneered by the German industries, f requently called for the creation of temporary departments hitherto known as welfare departments out of humanitarian concerns. From temporary positions created out of necessity to handle immediate tasks regarding employees’ wellbeing, separate employment offices, often staffed by one or a limited number of lower-level clerks, emerged to centralize and standardize functions such as recruitments and the general record-keeping of employee-related issues. The enactment of civil service legislations across Europe solidified the importance of employment departments, contributing to phasing out of the temporary nature of these departments into permanent offices. Farnham (1921) report of a German steel company Krupp having had an established Personnelburo as an independent office handling staff related functions since the late 1800s. As similar bureaus became widespread, the term ‘employment management’ quickly became the accepted description of the new management functi on with wide cross border managerial support. Routing employment management to HRM as ordered today was the emergence of the doctrine of scientific management (SM) authored

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Education - Essay Example Student activism is observed as the crucial force for social change especially in times of political turmoil (â€Å"Student Activism,† 2002). The history is replete with many examples such as China’s May Fourth Movement which happened in 1919 and the Youth Pledge in Indonesia which occurred in 1928. These events have shown the immense sympathy of the youth population toward their respective country. The May Fourth Movement in China had gathered more or less three thousand Chinese students in Tianasquare to protest against its government’s weak response to imperialism and feudalism (Tse-tung, as cited in â€Å"Selected Works,† 2004). On the other hand, the Youth Pledge in Indonesia had helped the Indonesian youths to voice out their concerns with regard to colonialism. The pledge actually provided that the youths of Indonesia will â€Å"build a new and independent nation which was later on achieved in 1945† (McTique, 2009). In other cases, student de monstrations â€Å"have toppled powerful dictatorship, military juntas† and even ended wars (â€Å"Student Activism,† 2002). Truly, student movements have the capacity to effect political change by gathering support from the rest of the community. It serves as the conscience of nations (â€Å"Student Activism,† 2002). Moreover, it reminds the people â€Å"of the founding ideals of their countries† and the aim for dignity, justice and equality in times of political turmoil (â€Å"Student Activism,† 2002). Nonetheless, despite the aforementioned historical accounts on the significance of student activists in a society, there are those who vehemently oppose it. One of which is the government. It is a contention that governments are generally against any activist movements especially those from the youth sector. This is plausible since a government must always protect and defend its honor before its constituents. It looks forward to prevent any f orm of

Discuss the role of multinationals in the globalisation of innovation Essay

Discuss the role of multinationals in the globalisation of innovation - Essay Example With such economic power, the dominance of multinationals as leaders in technological innovation and this can be seen by the fact that 98% of the expenditure on Research and Development (R&D) by the 700 top R&D spenders, is done by the multinationals (Castellani and Zanfei 2005); the magnitude of the statistics can be fully comprehended when we see that the R&D expenditure of few major multinationals is more than the expenditure of some countries. This paper will attempt to show the positive role multinationals have played in the globalization of innovation with more focus on the emerging economies. Section 1 of the paper will deal with how innovation activities take place in a multinational. Section 2 looks over the research conducted by Jasjit Singh in his paper ‘Multinational Firms and International Knowledge Diffusion: Evidence using Patent Citation Data†. ... a positive light, as companies that bring in much needed technology and technical support that allows the host country’s’ citizen to able to improve their standard of living. Section 4 of the paper deals how technological innovations have also caused a dramatic rise in international trade especially in sectors which have close link to technology. In the conclusion we sum up the arguments of how multinationals have caused innovations, moreover, many of these innovations are not just technological but also supply chain process. Section 1 Innovations carried out by Multinationals fall under the second category of global generation of innovation. Since these companies operate on such large scales they usually have their own internal innovative network units based in different host countries as well as the home country. One of the many reasons for this is that, it allows the company not only to effectively and efficiently provide innovative ideas to the subsidiary unit but a lso it allows the main unit to understand the practical application process of these strategies on the local market of the host country and impart the reason for success or failure of a subsidiary to the other units. The three main strategies many multinationals use to organize their internal innovative system as stated by Archibugi and Iammarino. Centre-for-global This strategy is more commonly known in the business world as the â€Å"octopus view† of the multinational organization. As the word octopus suggest. The head of the octopus symbolizes the headquarters of the company where the entire R&D takes place. It is also the place where the top management is located thus the entire strategic planning and ideas takes place here too. It distributes its technical expertise and plans to the subsidiary